Libyan Journal of Ecological & Environmental Sciences and Technology
The Libyan Journal of Ecological and Environmental Sciences & Technology is the leading academic journal in its field. It publishes high quality, peer-reviewed original research articles, promoting significant advances in environmental sciences and technology. The journal aims to contribute significantly to the scientific community by addressing pressing environmental challenges and promoting sustainable practices. It is published by the Libyan Center for Studies and Research in Environmental Sciences and Technology.
Libyan Center for Studies and Research in Environmental Science and Technology
National Inventory and Ecological Status of Marine Crustaceans in Libyan Waters, Southern Mediterranean
The Libyan coast provides an ecological habitat supporting a diversity of marine crustaceans. This study aims to assess the diversity, spatial distribution, and ecological status of crustacean species inhabiting Libyan marine waters. Data were compiled from a comprehensive review of unpublished scientific surveys, technical reports, and biological samples collected along various parts of the Libyan coast during two main sampling periods: January 2005 to March 2006, and January 2013 to January 2017. Additional benthic samples were obtained from a shipwreck site located on a sandy seabed at a depth of 31 meters off the coast of Tripoli during both winter and summer seasons in 2020. A total of 357 crustacean species were identified, encompassing five taxonomic classes and 138 families. Species richness was highest in the eastern coastal region. The class Malacostraca represented the most taxonomically diverse group, comprising 62.32% of the identified families and 162 species (45% of the total species count). This was followed by Hexanauplia, which accounted for 31.88% of the families and included 183 species (50.83%). The majority of recorded species (94.40%) were native to Libyan waters, while 5.60% were classified as non-indigenous. These non-indigenous species, primarily localized along the coast, offer critical insights into patterns of marine bio-invasion and species establishment in the south-eastern Mediterranean Sea. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of crustacean biodiversity along the Libyan coast, contributing significantly to baseline data for regional marine biodiversity assessments. It also highlights key distributional patterns and potential ecological implications of non-indigenous species in this underexplored sector of the Mediterranean basin.
Copyright (c) 2025 Libyan Journal of Ecological & Environmental Sciences and Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
National Inventory and Current Status of Echinodermata in Libyan Marine Waters
Libyan extensive coastline along the southern Mediterranean Sea is characterized by diverse marine habitats and rich biodiversity. Among the key components of this ecological wealth are echinoderms, which play important roles in benthic ecosystems. This study provides the first comprehensive inventory of echinoderm species documented in Libyan waters, compiled from a range of field surveys conducted over the past several decades. A total of 48 species have been identified, spanning all five echinoderm classes: Crinoidea (1 species), Asteroidea (15 species), Ophiuroidea (12 species), Echinoidea (13 species), and Holothuroidea (7 species). Significantly, this work includes the first recorded occurrences of Ophidiaster ophidianus and Tethyaster subinermis (Asteroidea), as well as Ophiactis virens and Ophiactis macrolepidota (Ophiuroidea) in Libyan waters. These findings enhance our understanding of echinoderm biodiversity along the southern Mediterranean and establish an important baseline for future ecological and conservation efforts in the region.
A Study on Evaluating Measures to Reduce Food Waste in the Southern Regions of Libya
The level of nutritional awareness among individuals in society significantly impacts dietary habits, which, in turn, reflects on food security and planning policies at the national level. The importance of this research stems from the necessity of evaluating efforts to prevent food waste in the lives of individuals and communities across different times and places.This study aims to examine the level of consumer awareness in the southern regions of Libya regarding food waste. Data were collected using a specially designed questionnaire containing clear and specific questions aligned with the research objectives. The data were analyzed using percentages, arithmetic means, and appropriate statistical analyses.The results indicate a positive attitude among participants towards managing food waste, highlighting the potential to utilize food leftovers instead of discarding them. The findings also reveal that recycling these leftovers can reduce their harmful impact on the environment, with the possibility of using vegetable and fruit waste as organic fertilizer for soil.Based on these findings, the study recommends focusing on the role of the media in raising consumer awareness and educating the Libyan community about the importance of reducing food waste and effectively utilizing available resources.
First Record of the Black Crowned Crane (Balearica pavonina, Linnaeus, 1758) in Libya
On 7 August 2025, a single adult Black Crowned Crane (Balearica pavonina) was observed and photographed in Tripoli, Libya (32.87806°N, 13.13656°E), perched on a domestic water storage tank in a residential area. This represents the first confirmed record of the species in the country. B. pavonina is widely distributed across the Sahel region of Africa but has not previously been documented in Libya. The bird’s presence outside typical wetland or grassland habitat suggests either natural vagrancy, displacement, or escape from captivity. This observation extends the known northern limit of the species range and underscores the need for continued avifaunal monitoring in Libya.
Estimation Of Bioaccumulation of Copper and Zinc In The Soil and Trees of Eucalyptus gomphocephala and Ficus nitida In Darna City, Libya
The study aimed to estimate the bioaccumulation of heavy metals ( copper & zinc) in the soil and leaves of Eucalyptus gomphocephala and Ficus nitida in three different areas in Darna city and feasibility of exploit it on biomonitoring of polluted air with heavy metals in the urban areas. The selected three areas were City centre , cement factory and steam station . complete randomized design was used in the experiment with three factors . The results showed significant differences among the study areas in their content of copper and zinc where city centre area recorded the highest zinc (Zn) content , followed by steam station area which recorded also the highest content of copper followed by the area of cement factory . The trees showed significant differences between them in their content of zinc, Eucalyptus gomphocephalla recorded zinc content significantly higher than Ficus nitida while their copper content was insignificant . the results also revealed high significant divergences between the samples (leaves and the soil) where zinc and copper content were significantly higher in the soil compared to the leaves. The effect of interaction between the areas and trees on copper content was insignificant while it offered high significant effect on content of zinc, the effect of interaction between trees and samples on content of zinc was insignificant whilst it was high significant on the content of copper .The results also showed high significant effect of the interaction between areas and sample type ( leaves and soil) and significant interaction effect of the three factors on content of copper and zinc.
Confirmation of Breeding of the Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus, Levaillant, J, 1850) in Western and Eastern Libya.
The Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus), particularly the North African breeding subspecies B. r. cirtensis, has long been suspected to breed across Libya, though precise breeding localities remained undocumented or poorly verified. This article provides the first confirmed breeding records from two distinct locations in Libya: the western region near Bani Waleed and the eastern region in Wadi Annagha in Derna and Tokhara suburb of the city of Labraq.
Estimation of the amount of degradation of Juniperus phoenicea trees and its relationship to environmental factors in several sites of the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar -Libya
This study was conducted on the Juniperus phoenicea L. in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region in two phases. In the first phase, a field survey was carried out in 2016 across several juniper forests located in the central part of the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar. The study included various sites at different elevations, such as Soussa, Ras Al Hilal, Al-Hamamah, Al-Wasita, Qasr Al-Muqaddam, Bel-Hadid, Belghrai, Wadi Al-Kouf, and Al-Bayda. The results revealed a variation in infection rates among the sites. When calculating the infection percentages, it became evident that most locations showed high rates exceeding 90%, with the exception of Qasr Al-Muqaddam and Al-Bayda, which recorded lower rates of 46.8% and 68.0%, respectively. The highest severity of infection was noted in Wadi Al-Kouf and Belghrai, with 60.9% and 64.0%, respectively. Moderate infection severity ranging from 47% to 55% was observed in Ras Al Hilal, Al-Wasita, and Bel-Hadid, while the remaining areas recorded lower severity levels below 35%. The second phase focused on monitoring the decline of Juniperus trees across three terraces located at different elevations throughout the four seasons of 2017. These terraces were Al-Hamamah, situated at approximately 40 meters above sea level; Al-Wasita, at about 290 meters; and Wadi Al-Kouf, located around 600 meters above sea level. Environmental and climatic factors, including temperature, relative humidity, and physical and chemical soil properties, were measured at each site to identify the causes of juniper mortality. The results indicated a seasonal variation in infection rates across the three locations. The highest infection rate was recorded in summer at Wadi Al-Kouf, reaching 89.83%, whereas the lowest was observed in spring at Al-Hamamah, at 49.03%. Infection severity followed a similar pattern, with the highest values also occurring in summer: 78.47% in Wadi Al-Kouf, 65.70% in Al-Hamamah, and 63.07% in Al-Wasita. In contrast, spring recorded the lowest severity, particularly in Al-Wasita, where it did not exceed 30.80%. The study concluded that unfavorable climatic conditions, especially high temperatures in summer, played a significant role in the accelerated decline of juniper trees. Wadi Al-Kouf was identified as the most affected site during the summer season. Furthermore, analysis of disease progression showed a clear relationship between juniper mortality and environmental factors. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) revealed a moderate relationship between infection rate and severity with temperature in 2016, a moderate correlation between infection rate and seasonal changes, a moderate correlation between infection rate and temperature, and a strong correlation between infection severity and temperature in 2017.
Simulation of Flood Paths of Wadi Al-Megenin Using HEC-RAS Software
Floods resulting from dam collapses are among the most dangerous natural disasters that threaten lives and infrastructure, especially in urban areas located along the paths and estuaries of valleys. This study aims to simulate the expected flooding in a scenario where the Wadi Al-Megenin Dam, south of the Libyan capital, Tripoli, collapses. This study assumes that its storage reservoir is filled to 60 million cubic meters. The study used the HEC-RAS program to estimate the extent of the resulting risks. The results showed that the flood wave resulting from the dam collapse could reach vital areas in the capital, such as Tripoli International Airport and Qasr Bin Ghashir, in less than 24 hours, with flood levels rising to more than 11 meters and a flow velocity exceeding 2 m/s. It also showed that floodwaters would continue to advance north, submerging large parts of the city, reaching the coast within three days, affected by the slope of the land and urban obstructions. The results, according to the proposed simulation scenario, indicated that approximately 25-30% of the capital's neighborhoods would be submerged. The study provides accurate simulation data that supports risk management efforts and helps decision-makers develop effective preventive plans to reduce potential losses.
Survey of Plant Species in Central Plateau of Al-Batnan, Libya.
The main objective of this study was to survey plants in the central plateau of Al-Batnan , the vegetation sampling was carried out between March 2023 to October 2024 with several field trips to study area, and make a list dealing with the floristic composition .Where five regions were randomly selected and all plant species found in them were recorded. 148 species belonging to 110 genera and 38 families were found, all which are angiosperms , 5 monocotyledonous families and 33 dicotyledonous families, the dominant family was Asteraceae , where 27 species have been identified , constituting 18% of the total species, followed by Fabaceae family with 22 species and 15% of the total species, then Chenopodiaceae family with 11 species, i.e. 7% of the total. These species were divided according to their life form into five groups (Therophyte 44% , Chamaephyte 24% , Hemicryptophyte 14% , Phanerophyte 11% , Geophyte 7% ).
Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Some Internal Valleys Soil in Wadi Al-Shatii, Libya
Newly formed Entisols are prevalent in the topographically lower regions of the Wadi Al-Shati basin. As immature soils, they are characterized by low nutrient content essential for plant growth. The quantity and quality of these nutrients are significantly influenced by the soil's physicochemical and biological properties, such as texture, structure, bulk and particle density, and porosity. Consequently, these properties directly impact the basin's biodiversity and vegetative cover. Understanding these characteristics provides crucial insight into their positive or negative effects on the diversity and density of plant life. Soil properties vary with location, while geological, topographical, climatic, and hydrological conditions play a vital role in determining their physicochemical and biological attributes. Studying the soil characteristics of these internal wadi channels in the Wadi Al-Shati region is essential for identifying their potential as a sustainable natural resource. A scientific approach is necessary to improve, maintain, and conserve these soils, ensuring their long-term viability. This study aims to determine the physicochemical and biological characteristics of the soils within two internal wadi channels in Wadi Al-Shati, Libya: Wadi Tarut and Wadi Ququm. The results revealed significant differences in the soil properties of the two wadis. The percentage of organic matter in Wadi Tarut ranged from 1.2% to 2%, while in Wadi Ququm, it ranged from 1.3% to 2.8%. Similarly, particle density varied, measuring between 2.3 and 2.7 g/cm³ for Wadi Tarut and 2.3 and 2.8 g/cm³ for Wadi Ququm. Differences were also noted in water retention capacity, which ranged from 10.6% to 14% in Wadi Tarut and 9.4% to 15% in Wadi Ququm. Both wadis exhibited high electrical conductivity values, with Wadi Tarut soils ranging from 24.5 to 84.4 dS/m⁻¹ and Wadi Ququm soils from 4.20 to 10.60 dS/m⁻¹. The pH was nearly neutral in both wadis, ranging from 6.9 to 7.3 for Wadi Tarut and 7.2 to 7.6 for Wadi Qumqum. Sodium ion concentrations were elevated, ranging from 4.8 to 39.00 mg/L in Wadi Tarut and 14.6 to 36.00 mg/L in Wadi Qumqum. Potassium content in Wadi Tarut was between 3 and 35.2 mg/L, while in Wadi Qumqum, it ranged from 5.8 to 9.00 mg/L. The findings of this study lead to the conclusion that the environmental conditions of these two internal wadis, such as extreme aridity and high salinity, act as selective pressures, allowing only plant species capable of adapting to these harsh conditions to thrive.
Towards Environmental Sustainability: A Comprehensive Review of Electrochemical Methods for Remediating Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil and Water-Achievements, Challenges, and Prospects
Heavy metal contamination of soil and water resources poses severe threats to environmental sustainability and human health. Electrochemical remediation technologies (ERT) have emerged as promising, versatile approaches for treating such contamination. This state-of-the-art review critically examines the fundamental mechanisms underpinning electrokinetic remediation (EKR) for soil and electrochemical treatment (ECT) for water, including electromigration, electroosmosis, electrophoresis, and electrolytic redox reactions at electrodes. We synthesize recent advances in their application for removing common heavy metals (e.g., Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Cu, Zn, Hg). Field-scale demonstrations and hybrid systems (e.g., coupling with permeable reactive barriers, phytoremediation, or chemical enhancement) are highlighted, showcasing enhanced efficiency and broader applicability. Despite significant progress, critical scale-up challenges persist, including energy consumption optimization, managing soil heterogeneity and groundwater flow, electrode stability and cost, secondary waste management, and regulatory acceptance. This review identifies key knowledge gaps and provides targeted recommendations for future research, emphasizing the need for integrated pilot studies, advanced electrode materials, renewable energy integration, standardized performance monitoring protocols, and techno-economic analyses to bridge the gap between laboratory success and widespread field implementation.
Assessment of Vegetation Cover in the El-Kouf National Park, Libya, Using Remote Sensing and GIS Technologies (2015-2023)
This study aims to assess the current status of vegetation cover in the El-Kouf National Park and to identify the changes that occurred between 2015 and 2023. Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies were employed, utilising Landsat 8 imagery and the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) through QGIS software, to detect vegetation cover changes over an area estimated at approximately 5,000 hectares of the park. The NDVI analysis showed a reduction from 0.7043 in 2015 to 0.6318 in 2023. The study area was classified into three categories: low-density vegetation, medium-density vegetation, and high-density vegetation. The analysis of the results for the studied years indicated a decrease in areas classified as low-density and medium-density vegetation, with a change rate of -18.5% and -2.34%, respectively, while areas classified as high-density vegetation increased by 14.99%. The study findings indicate changes in the density, extent, and distribution of vegetation cover in the study area. Violations and encroachments on the vegetation cover were recorded, including illegal logging and charcoal production.
Microalgae as Indicators to Assess Trophic Status and Organic Pollution in the Seven Brackish Lakes, North of Benghazi, Libya
This study investigates the use of microalgae as bioindicators to assess the trophic status and organic pollution levels in the Seven Brackish Lakes located north of Benghazi, Libya. Microalgae, due to their rapid response to environmental changes and their central role in aquatic ecosystems, serve as effective indicators of water quality. Over four seasons sampling period, qualitative and quantitative analyses of microalgae communities were conducted across 6 sites within the lakes. Key ecological indices, including Nygaard index, Palmer Pollution Index and trophic diatoms index were employed to evaluate trophic status and pollution levels. During the four seasons from October 2022 to July 2023, 33 species following to 27 genera and 5 divisions were recorded from in the seven lakes north of Benghazi. The most diverse group was Chlorophyta (49%), followed by Cyanobacteria (21%), Bacillariophyta (12%), Euglenophyta (9%) and Dinophyta (9%) as well. Results revealed significant organic pollution conditions based on palmer index (score = 36) with higher abundances of eutrophication based on the compound Nygaard index indicated(score =9) and trophic diatoms index ( score = 4 to 4.5). These findings suggest a gradient from mesotrophic to hypereutrophic conditions within the lake system, corresponding to varying degrees of anthropogenic impact, particularly domestic and agricultural runoff.
Radiation Risks of Daily Coffee Consumption: Analysis of Radioactive Nuclide Concentrations in Imported Coffee Beans (Case Study: Libya)
This study examines the radiation risks linked to daily coffee consumption by analyzing the presence of natural and artificial radioactive contaminants in imported coffee beans in Libya. With coffee being a widely consumed beverage, this study addresses the often-overlooked issue of radioactive contamination in food products. Samples of roasted Arabica and Robusta coffee beans from India, Brazil, Colombia, and Ethiopia were collected and analyzed using a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The results revealed no detectable levels of the artificial radionuclide; however, measurable concentrations of K⁴⁰, Ra²²⁶, and Ra²²⁸ were identified. Notably, K⁴⁰ concentration levels exceeded the UNSCEAR recommended limit in several samples, Ra²²⁶ and Ra²²⁸ concentrations remained within safe limits. The estimated annual effective dose from coffee consumption for adults ranged from 17.68 to 92.57 μSv.y⁻¹. The lowest effective dose that the consumer can receive comes from Colombian coffee, while the highest dose comes from Brazilian coffee. In general, all effective doses are below the global mean for internal radiation exposure. These findings suggest that while the radioactive content in the analyzed coffee poses minimal health risks, ongoing monitoring and regulation are crucial to ensure consumer safety.
Morphological Traits of Quercus coccifera at Different Altitudes in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar Region, East Libya
Morphological traits reflect the adaptation of trees to their environment, provide an understanding of tree-environment interactions, and assess the effects of environmental changes on plant species. Essential important role in the study of tree biodiversity as they provide information on species assessment and their influence on environmental conditions. Morphological traits of (Quercus coccifera L.) trees were evaluated during the 2022 season at three sites different in altitude in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region, eastern Libya. The results indicated significant differences in the height and diameter of the trees between the sites, where the trees were characterized by the lowest tree height and the smallest diameter, while the highest height and the largest diameter of the trees were at altitude (493m). The trees at (333m) site were characterized by the longest and widest leaf and the shortest leaf petiol, while the tree at 493m was characterized by the shortest leaf and the smallest leaf width. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in the length of masculine, feminine inflorescences, number of florets per inflorescence, and traits of Acorn between the trees in the three sites. It is important to pay attention to this a native species, preserve it, develop it, and ensure its survival and regeneration in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region.
Slope Instability, Landsliding and Hazards Analysis at Highway Roadcut
The stability of rock slopes is crucial to public safety in highways passing through rock cuts. Slope instability and failures occur due to many factors such as adverse slop geometries, geological discontinuities, weak or weathered slope materials as well as severe weather conditions. External loads like heavy precipitation and earthquakes could play a significant role in slope failure. The main objective of this study is to assessment the stability of rock slopes throughout the passing highway and hazard potentiality. In this paper, several rock mass classification systems for rock slope stability assessment were critically evaluated against known rock slope conditions in the northeastern region of Libya to includes two areas are Al Bakour area and Al Shaliony area that located east Benghazi city. The investigated rock formations in both areas are mainly formed of carbonate rocks that represented by chalk, limestone, dolomite in addition to the intercalated shale, with cliffs features of slope angle ranging from 70 to 90º. Also, these formation are highly topographic features and varies in thickness and extensions as well as structurally patterns. The stability conditions were identified and the stability of the rock cuts have been evaluated using different procedures e. g. determining the most relevant factors affecting slope instability; interpreting the discontinuity data collected from the surveys for the assessment of the modes of failure and determining the potential unstable zones. This study reveals that the cut needs to be mitigated because of the a few outcrops of rock slopes that covered by the metal mish not enough to support protection against rock collapse an failure ongoing slope instability present in some areas, that including planar and wedge slides and raveling rock falls. It was found that the unstable rock areas create serious safety hazards to traffic
Determination of some Heavy Metals in Chilled Meat Sold in Tripoli City, Libya
Heavy metal detection in foods, particularly meat, is important for both nutritional reasons and consumer safety. The present study investigated the content of lead, cadmium, cupper, and zinc in chilled meat. The red meat included the muscle, liver, and kidneys of cows, sheep, and camels. The white meat included the muscle and liver of chickens. Sixty-six samples were collected from meat markets in Tripoli, Libya. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine heavy metal concentrations. Data were analyzed by the SAS program. The results showed the concentrations of lead range from 0.0020 to 0.1033 mg/kg, and the concentrations of cadmium range from 0.0074 to 0.0947 mg/kg. Also, the results showed that cupper concentrations were below detected limit (BDL) mg/kg in all types of meat except the liver of cows, sheep, and camels, where copper concentrations ranged from 42 to 100 mg/kg. For zinc, the concentration ranges from BDL to 34 mg/kg in muscles, BDL to 34 mg/kg in the livers, and 28 to 34 mg/kg in the kidneys. In general, the concentrations of all polluted and essential elements in the selected meat organs of selected animals did not exceed the permissible maximum level by health authorities
Study of the Effect of Aqueous Extracts on the Growth of Broad Bean Plants
Study on the Impact of Aqueous Extracts on Broad Bean Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake This study was conducted on November 1, 2023, for a period of one month (30 days) . The impact of aqueous extracts of yeast, rice, and lentils on broad bean plant growth and nutrient uptake was investigated. The study also evaluated the physical and chemical properties of soil extracts, including pH, EC, TDS, OM, Na, Cl, P, N, and K. The results showed that the studied soil properties were within acceptable limits for all treatments. The aqueous extracts significantly enhanced shoot length, with yeast extract being the most effective. The results also showed a positive impact of fertilizer extracts on broad bean plant morphological traits, including root length, shoot fresh and dry weight, leaf number, and leaf area. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in root and shoot fresh and dry weights, as well as chlorophyll content. The results also showed that rice extract contained high levels of potassium and increased soil organic matter content, improved soil structure, and reduced pH, resulting in increased P, Cl, Na, and K levels.
Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: cerambycidae) Associated with Fruit Trees and Forests in the Jebel Akhdar Region, Libya
This study was conducted during the years (2016 and 2017) for the purpose of limiting the long-horned beetles Cerambycidae in the Green Mountain region, where five sites were selected in the region to collect some data on the species of this family using ground traps and other methods. The results obtained showed the presence of four subfamilies: Cerambycinae, Lepturinae, Lamiinae, Prioninae and nineteen genera belonging to this family, including: Phorcantha semipunctata, Stictoleptura cordigera, Hylotrupes bajulus, Rhesusser ricollis, Purpuricenus desfontiaine, Trichoferus fasciclata, Trichoferus griseus, Daramus mehennii, Icosium tomentosum, Macrotoma palmate, Penichroa fasciata, Cerambyx dux, Hesperophanes nassericus, Niphona pecticornis,. This study showed the periods of emergence of adult insects, which continued during the months of April, May, June, and August.
Identify of Seawater Intrusion Using Hydrochemical Approach and Fuzzy Logic for the Ain Zara, Libya.
Coastal freshwater aquifer contamination by saline seawater is a significant threat to groundwater quality. This contamination is known as Seawater Intrusion (SWI). It leads to an increase in groundwater salinity, presenting both environmental and health risks. This study aims to assess seawater intrusion into the groundwater of the Ain Zara region, located south of Tripoli, by evaluating the relationship between Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Chloride (Cl-) concentrations in the groundwater, as well as Simpson’s Ratio (SR), the Groundwater Quality Index for Seawater Intrusion (GQISWI), the Seawater Mixing Index (SMI), and Hydrochemical Evolution Facies (HEF) diagrams. Additionally, a Fuzzy Seawater Intrusion Index (FSWI) model was developed, which uses fuzzy logic to assess the degree of seawater contamination in the aquifers. Forty groundwater samples were collected from wells in the study area in March 2023. The physico-chemical properties of the groundwater samples were Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, and major dissolved ions such as Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Chloride (Cl-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), and Sulfate (SO42-). Additionally, the Potential Salinity (PS) was calculated. Four parameters were included in the FSWI model i.e.,TDS (mg/L), Cl- (mg/L), EC (µS/cm), and PS (mg/L).The results showed high variation coefficients for Chloride, Sodium, Calcium, and Total Dissolved Solids compared to the other ions, indicating the distinct chemical composition of the region's well waters. Additionally, the low variation coefficients for Bicarbonate and pH reflect the relative stability of these properties in the groundwater. The values of the seawater intrusion indicators revealed that the area is at risk of seawater intrusion, and it is following the same spatial distribution pattern. The developed FSWI model can reliably estimate the degree of seawater contamination in the groundwater. The obtained results highlight the urgent need for measures to mitigate this issue.
Comparison of the Growth of Some Pine Species Used in Afforestation and Desertification Control in the Green Mountain - Libya
This study aimed to compare the growth of trees species were used in programs of afforestation and combating desertification in the Jabal Al-Akhdar area, eastern of Libya and to highlight its suitability for the environment in this region, through observations on its growth. In addition to identifying some aspects related to human activity in the region, where knowledge of these data is a necessary for the management of this ecosystem permanently. The study showed that the local pine trees were superior in growth compared to other species. Although the area was declared protected by law, the study showed a large presence of human activity in the area, as random cutting and overgrazing, which requires taking the necessary measures to reduce the intensity of this activity and work to raise environmental awareness among the local population.
Copyright (c) 2019 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Spectrophotometric Study of Fe(III) Complexes with the Newly Synthesized Schiff Base Compound Derived from 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane
Two new chromogenic Schiff base ligands were synthesized by the condensation reaction of 4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane as a primary amine with 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyd and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde. The structures of the compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, and 1H NMR. The complexation behavior of the ligands towards some transition metal ions (Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Ag+, Pb2+ and Sn2+) was studied using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The effects of some experimental parameters on the complex formation such as solvent, metal ions and ligand concentrations were investigated. Both ligands exhibited excellent chromogenic properties towards the complexation with Fe3+ ions over other studied metal ions in DMSO. The addition of Fe3+ions to both ligands gave rise to a large bathochromic shift (from 400 to 610 nm). Thus, resulting in a change of color from orange to green (610nm) and from yellow to green (630nm) for both ligands, respectively, which provided a naked-eye detection of Fe3+ ions in addition to spectroscopic detection. Job’s continuous variation and mole ratio methods were used to determine the stoichiometry of ligands-Fe3+ complexes. Stability constants of the 1:1 (ligand: metal) complexes were found to be equivalent to 5.7×105 and 1.3 ×105, for both complexes, respectively.
Assessment of some Heavy Metals Contamination in Mediterranean Sea Sediments at Jerpoly Coast Libya Using Pollution Indices
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of some trace metals. The state of heavy metal pollution and the mobility of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn,pb and Cd were studied in Jerpoly regions in the Mediterranean Sea, five surface sediment samples were collected from each region. Methods used to characterize heavy metals in solid phase of the sediments include physical and chemical extraction. using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and to compare metal concentration. The distribution pattern of heavy metals in the sediment follows the sequence: Fe>Pb>Mn> Zn> Cu> Cd revealed that the sediments of Study area have higher concentrations of fe, Zn,Pb while, , Mn,Cu and Cd have lower concentrations than those of other regions. In general, the results revealed very high contamination factor. The results of contamination factors (Table 5) indicated that in thas study Zn, Cu, Mn possess the lowest CFs reflecting lowest contaminated sediments (CF<1). Both Pb and Cd showed low to moderate contamination level of contamination. On the other hand, Sediments of are highly contaminated (CF>6) with Fe. The major role of carbonate as metal carrier is reflected by the positive correlations between Cu, fe with sand. On the other hand, the positive correlation of OM with Cu suggested that OM has an important role in the binding of these elements. The negative correlation of sand with Pb (r = -0.174) indicate that these elements can be easily released by ion exchange processes due to the electrostatic interaction of trace metals as they are weakly bound and is bioavailable to the liquid phase. The study point out that although there were slight variations in the results of the three indices,
Removal of Copper (II) Ions from Aqueous Solution Using Pine Activated Carbon
The discharge of high amounts of heavy metals into water bodies leads to several environmental and health impacts. To help mitigate the negative impacts of heavy metals (such as copper ions) on the humans and animal's health as well as finding of a variety processes to remediate the environment. Adsorption is an essential process that can be applied in wastewater treatment. This work aims to investigate the removal of copper ions (II) from aqueous solutions using low-cost and eco-friendly material such as activated carbon (AC). Thermal activated carbon was prepared from Pine trees. The adsorption of Cu (II) ions from aqueous solutions onto Activated Carbon (AC) was investigated. The experiments were performed in a batch system, at room temperature (20 ± 0.5 °C), and the copper ions analysis was done after equilibrium was attained. Different experimental parameters (initial Cu (II) concentration, pH, sorbent dosage, and contact time) were varied in order to establish the optimum conditions for copper removal using AC. The experimental results were fitted using the Langmuir, and Freundlich isotherm models, and the characteristic adsorption parameters were determined. Experimental data were also tested using two kinetic models: the pseudo-first-order model and the pseudo-second-order model. Based on these models, the kinetic parameters (rate constant and equilibrium adsorption capacity) for Cu (II) adsorption on AC were calculated.
Using Pollution Indices to Assess Heavy Metals Contaminated Soil in some Libyan Regions.
Soil pollution by heavy metals is an important challenge facing many countries around the world, including Libya. This investigation was carried out across a heavy metals pollution in Libyan soil using pollution Indices such as Geo-accumulation index (i-GEO), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), Contamination degree (CD), Modified contamination degree (mCD), Metal pollution index (MPI), overall metal contamination index (MCI). These pollution indices shed light on the quality of soil in Libya, and indicate that some of the heavy metals were unpolluted to severely extremely polluted with regard to i-GEO especially for Ni Cu & Pb, and the contamination factor were low to very high contamination status. the Most of the polluted soils fell within the industrial region. In particular, some of the sites in the industrial region showed high i-GEO. CF showed significant to very high contaminated for Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu and Pb for most of the sampling from the industrial area and also because they are closer to a major road intersection with a large traffic volume such as Benghazi, Al-marij Tripoli, Misurata & Khomes. The high CF index of heavy metals in soil made significant contribution recorded based on pollution load index (PLI). A very high pollution recorded in soils of Al-marij, Benghazi, Sirt, Zwara & Khomes with PLI ≥ 3. Also, very high contamination degree (CD > 24) was found in soils of Al-Marj, Benghazi, Misurata, Ejmail, Sirt, Zwara, Albayda & Khomes. Furthermore, the study confirmed that Al-Marj & Benghazi had the highest levels of overall metal contamination index (MCI). The results demonstrated that the values of MPI < 1 for all soils studied inducted that the overall of ecosystem is still non-polluted dilution and dispersion of heavy metals content due to large of the study area. However, the soil surrounding the biggest cities is heavily influenced by human activities, which causes massive accumulation of heavy metals in the soil in most regions. So, Monitoring and environmental audit should start into action to boost the environmental quality of Libyan soils.
Effect of Sodium Fluoride on Germination Seedling Growth in Wheat (Triticum aestivum) VAR UP2382
The growth and yield of several crops have been shown to be drastically decrease by Fluoride. Therefore, in the present study we have tried to investigate the adverse effects of fluoride on growth, photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll stability index in wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings. Growth pattern of wheat seedlings was monitored at regular intervals for 15 days under different concentrations by estimating the shoot and root length, number of root, fresh and dry weight. Seedlings of wheat were grown sterilized in petri dishes during on growth of seedlings in different concentrations of fluoride (20,40,80,120 and 160mg/L) were selected for detailed study. The germination %, shoot and root length, number of root, fresh and dry weight of the wheat seedlings was found maximum in treatment T0- control and minimum was recorded in treatment T5- 160 mg/L. The results showed that the shoot and root length, number of root, fresh and dry weight were reduced by 47.89,58.66, 18.60, 47.24 and 63.03 % at T5- 160mg/L respective value of control. The photosynthetic pigment content was investigated in the presence of different concentrations of fluoride. The photosynthetic pigment content was severely affected with increasing concentrations of fluoride. Also, fresh and dry weight were decrease in order of increase in NaF concentration fromT0-control to T5-160mg/L. The photosynthetic pigments chl a, chl b, total chl of the wheat seedlings was in treatment T0-control and was recorded in treatment T5- 160 mg/L. It was also recorded chl a, chl b, total chl were in order of increase in NaF concentration from T0- control toT5- 160mg/L. The chlorophyll stability index of the wheat seedlings was found maximum in treatment T0-control and minimum was recorded in treatment T5-160 mg/L. It was also recorded chlorophyll stability index was decrease in order of increase in NaF concentration from T0-control to T5-160mg/L.
Effect of Mastic Shrub (Pistacia lentiscus L.) Aqueous Extract on Early Growth Stages of Radish and Fenugreek
The effects of the aqueous extracts of aerial parts of mastic shrub (Pistacia lentiscus L.) at different concentrations (20, 40, 80%) were evaluated on germination and seedling growth of (Radish) Raphanus sativus L. and (Fenugreek) Trigonella foenum-graecum after 7 days in "in vitro condition ". Pistacia had strong allelopathic effects, it reduced the germination and seedling growth of Radish and Fenugreek, in all tested concentrations. Results obtained showed significant inhibition in germination percentage (GP), plumule length (PL) and radicle length (RL) of both Radish and Fenugreek seeds, and the degree of inhibition was in concentration dependent. At 20,40 and 80% Pistacia lentiscus L aqueous extracts the germination percentage of Radish seed was reduced to (81.67, 71.67 and 55%) respectively, while the germination of Fenugreek seeds was reduced to (75, 56.67 and 45%) respectively, comparative to control which was 100% and 98.3% for Radish and Fenugreek respectively.
Review and Prospects of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) used as Biodiesel in Libya
The development and use of renewable energy have been put forward on the national agenda due to high oil prices, limited resources, environmental pressure and rapid-economic growth. Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is chosen as an ideal biodiesel crop in Libya because its seed kernel has high oil content (45–60%) and it does not compete with food. Its oil is non-edible, and the trees can resist drought and grow on barren and marginal lands without using arable land. This article reviews biodiesel productions, sources, characteristics, economy and life cycle analysis. Further, future prospects of Jojoba biodiesel industry in Libya are discussed in detail.
Solid Waste Impact of Olive Mill Application on Barley Plant Growth
Olive presses produce large amounts of solid waste, which remain mostly non-benefit, so this study aimed to take advantage of the solid residues of the olive mill (OMSW), locally called Al Fatora in the cultivation of barley. Where coincide production with the olive growing season to benefit from the increase the organic content of the soil and the increase of agricultural production. The first phase used agricultural soil and mixed with different amounts 0 - 25 - 50 - 75 - 100% of the solid waste of olives and the cultivation of barley plant through November 2017 and showed the results of unfit for agriculture where the growth of barley plant of low plant height, leaf area and chlorophyll content compared to the control treatment. Most plants died after the germination process due to the decrease in pH reaching 5.3 and the large increase of the organic matter, which reached 97%. The second phase included conversion of solid waste into compost decomposition processes (additions and additions) and anaerobic (additives and additives) through May 2017. The decomposition process resulted in higher pH, increased phosphorus and nitrogen content, reduced organic matter and potassium. Olive grate into organic fertilizer before adding them to the soil and used in the process of agriculture, especially decomposition antenna additions.
Evaluation of Groundwater for Drinking Purpose in Sorman City-Libya Using Water Quality Index.
This study aims at evaluating the quality of groundwater for drinking purposes in the city of Sorman, Libya, using Water Quality Index (WQI). The city is located to the northwest of Libya. The study is based on samples collected from twenty-nine wells in different locations of the city during summer period of 2017. The Groundwater samples were analyzed for pH,EC,TDS, and other major ions. For calculating WQI, eleven parameters have been considered. The suitability of groundwater in the study area for human consumption purpose was achieved by WQI according to the guideline values of World Health Organization (WHO 2011). for chemical parameters. The weights (Wi) of the parameters were assigned according to their influence on the human health. The results showed that the (WQI) values groundwater in the study area varied from good to unsuitable for human drinking purpose.