Libyan Journal of Ecological & Environmental Sciences and Technology
The Libyan Journal of Ecological and Environmental Sciences & Technology is the leading academic journal in its field. It publishes high quality, peer-reviewed original research articles, promoting significant advances in environmental sciences and technology. The journal aims to contribute significantly to the scientific community by addressing pressing environmental challenges and promoting sustainable practices. It is published by the Libyan Center for Studies and Research in Environmental Sciences and Technology.
Libyan Center for Studies and Research in Environmental Science and Technology
Use of Satellite Image Techniques to Determine Distribution and Abundance of the Invasive Bassia indica in Benghazi City, Libya
Bassia indica is one of invasive plants which widespread and distributed wildly in last decades in Libya and other regions of the world. Because of its ability to grow in harsh environments, this plant invades a lot of places in Benghazi city including disturbed areas, saline soils and salt marsh. GIS and satellite remote sensing provide powerful, scalable tools for assessing plant distribution and abundance. Several satellite platforms provide multispectral and hyperspectral data suitable for vegetation analysis. This study assessed the distribution of Bassia indica in Benghazi, Libya, integrating GIS mapping and satellite images techniques. Satellite images analysis revealed uneven spatial distribution, with the Northern district hosting the highest coverage (42.8%), while Bo’aathani had the minimal presence (10.3%, 0.5 km²). Bassia indica coverage declined, inversely correlating with urban development (85% to 95% urban area) in the city during last near years. The growth of this species in Northern district which its soil characterized by high saline content reflect its promising features in phytoremediation and soil reclamation.
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The Effect of Crusher Dust on the Heavy Metal Content of Soil in the Sukna Area, Libya
This study aims to evaluate the impact of crusher dust on the soil content of heavy metals by measuring the concentrations of seven elements: cadmium, nickel, copper, iron, zinc, chromium, and manganese. Three samples of crusher dust and four samples of surrounding soil were collected at distances of ( 2, 4, 6, and 8 km) from the crusher sites. The samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The results showed that the concentrations of manganese, iron, copper, nickel, and cadmium gradually decreased with increasing distance from the crusher sites (dust source). Additionally, the study found that the concentrations of chromium and zinc in the soil at site B were higher than those in the dust samples, indicating the presence of other sources of heavy metals in the soil. All studied elements were found to be within the permissible limits set by international standards recommended by the World Health Organization.
Evaluation of Antibacterial Efficacy and Antibiotic Synergy of Moringa oleifera Leaves Extracts Against Some Clinical Pathogenic Bacterial Strains
The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria poses a significant threat of "incurable" infections, highlighting the urgent need for new infection-fighting strategies. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves against various bacterial pathogens and their potential synergistic effects with commonly used antibiotics. The results showed that the ethanolic extract significantly increased antibiotic sensitivity in several bacterial strains. Staphylococcus aureus displayed inhibition zones of 7 mm at a 5% concentration and 15 mm at a 40% concentration Additionally, Pseudomonas sp. exhibited inhibition zones ranging from 0 mm at 5% to 8 mm at 40%. In contrast, the aqueous extract demonstrated no antimicrobial activity, with 0 mm inhibition zones across all tested concentrations. Furthermore, the aqueous extract increased the sensitivity of S. aureus to antibiotics S10 and C30, indicating a synergistic effect, with p-values < 0.001. However, combinations with Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella, resulted in antagonistic effects, reducing antibiotic effectiveness. While the ethanolic extracts improved efficacy against S. aureus and were effective against Pseudomonas, they were ineffective against other Gram-negative bacteria, indicating limitations in their antimicrobial spectrum. Further research is needed to enhance the efficacy of Moringa extracts against a broader range of bacterial species. These findings suggest that Moringa oleifera has potential as a synergistic agent to boost antibiotic efficacy, but the antagonistic properties observed with certain pathogens highlight the need for careful application, as it may reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics against disease-causing bacteria.
Assessment of Ascorbic Acid and Heavy Metal Contamination in Mango Mangifera indica Varieties from Southern Libya: Implications for Food Safety and Nutritional Quality
This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) content and selected heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb) in mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties cultivated in southern Libya. Samples were collected from seven agricultural regions and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and iodometric titration. The mean concentrations (±SD) of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb in mango pulp and peel were found to be within WHO permissible limits, confirming their safety for consumption. Vitamin C levels ranged from 11.44 ± 0.5 mg/g to 55.44 ± 0.9 mg/g, indicating strong antioxidant potential. These findings suggest that mango fruits grown in southern Libya are nutritionally rich and environmentally safe. The study provides baseline data for environmental monitoring, agricultural sustainability, and public health protection.
Effect of Biochar Amendment on the Physicochemical Properties of Arid Soils and Enhancement of Plant Growth"
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of treating arid soils with different concentrations of biochar (0%, 2%, 4%, 8%, 15%, and 30%, respectively) on the physicochemical properties of both uncultivated and broad bean-planted desert soils in an arid environment. The results showed that the 2% biochar treatment was the most effective in promoting vegetative growth in broad beans, exhibiting the highest average vegetative length (32.5 cm), number of leaves (13 leaves), and both fresh and dry biomass weights compared to the control. The higher concentrations (15% and 30%, respectively) showed a limited effect on growth, indicating an optimal biochar concentration for enhancing plant development. Regarding uncultivated soil, a significant improvement in field capacity was observed with increasing percentage of added charcoal, reaching 46% at a concentration of 30% compared to 9% in the control (T0 = 0%), reflecting the ability of charcoal to improve water retention due to its high porosity. Organic matter also recorded its highest value at treatment T5 (30%), at 27.8%. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) exhibited a non-linear pattern, decreasing sharply at intermediate concentrations and then rising again at T5 (30%). Results for both cultivated and uncultivated soils showed significant changes in nutrient concentrations. Ca and Mg concentrations increased markedly at higher concentrations, while K and Cl concentrations decreased in most treatments compared to the control (T0). Phosphorus recorded its highest value at treatment T5 (30%), reaching 96.02 µg/g soil in uncultivated soil and 282.8 µg/g soil in cultivated soil. Soil in the cultivated soil, indicating the ability of charcoal to enhance phosphorus release in the soil. This study confirms that the use of charcoal is an effective strategy for improving the properties of desert soils in arid land areas, and it also promotes plant growth in them.
physical and chemical properties of soil
Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality Treated with Reverse Osmosis System in the Cities of Sabha and Wadi Al-Shatti – Southern Libya
This study demonstrates that drinking water processed by household Reverse Osmosis (RO) systems exhibits reduced acidity, with pre-treatment pH values ranging from 6.2 to 7.3 and post-treatment values decreasing to 5.2–5.8, depending on the filter's lifespan. A notable decrease in Electrical Conductivity (EC) was recorded following treatment (for example, from 1592 to 202 μS/cm and from 811 to 31.4 μS/cm), underscoring the effectiveness of RO systems in removing dissolved salts. The removal efficiency for dissolved metals (calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium) and total dissolved salts (TDS) exceeded 93.5%, although this efficacy diminished as filters aged. Conversely, a rise in bacterial counts was observed after five months of operation, suggesting increased microbial contamination due to delayed filter replacement. These results substantiate the capability of RO devices to eliminate contaminants and dissolved substances from water; however, they also highlight important concerns regarding the potential depletion of essential minerals in treated water and associated health risks, particularly concerning bone, dental health, and critical bodily functions.
Dynamic Analysis of Vegetation Cover Changes in Greater Tripoli, Libya (2016–2025) Using ARVI and NDVI Mask within a Remote Sensing and GIS Environment
This research aims to detect and analyze the change in vegetation cover density in the city of Tripoli and its suburbs during the period (2016–2025) using remote sensing and (GIS). Sentinel-2 satellite images, which were freely downloaded from the European Union's Copernicus Browser website, were used, and the data was processed and analyzed with ArcGIS Pro software. The study adopted the use of the Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI) with a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) mask, using bands B3, G8, and R7, and the Ocean and Land Colour Imager (OLCI). This methodology integrated the ARVI index with a mask based on the NDVI, which assigned zero values to bare lands while preserving positive values to represent vegetation at various densities. This processing yielded more accurate results in isolating non-vegetated areas while maintaining ARVI's key feature of resistance to atmospheric effects. The study revealed a significant deterioration of vegetation cover in Greater Tripoli during the study period, based on the ARVI index data. The level of bare land occupied the largest area among all land cover types, with a percentage of 91% in 2017, 92% in 2018, 2019, and 2022, 93% in 2016 and 2025, 94% in 2021, 2023, and 2024, and 95% in 2020, Therefore, the study recommended that institutions concerned with preserving vegetation cover in Libya must integrate and communicate to exchange expertise and research projects to achieve sustainable environmental protection for vegetation and combat climate change.
Verifying the Value of the Conversion Factor from Electrical Conductivity to Total Dissolved Solids Using Gravimetric Method
<a title="Water contains dissolved minerals, commonly referred to as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), or sometimes as total dissolved salts, whose concentrations vary according to the source and location of the water. TDS (mg/l) can be estimated from electrical conductivity (EC) measurements at 25 °C (mS/cm) by applying a conversion factor (f), which typically ranges between 0.54 and 1.1, as reported in instrument manuals and guidelines. Most EC meters allow switching between different measurement modes, including salinity (g/l), electrical conductivity (µS/cm), and total dissolved solids. (mg/l). This study aims to determine TDS using both gravimetric and conductivity-based methods for a number of laboratory-prepared aqueous solutions with varying concentrations, and to calculate the conversion factor in order to verify its consistency with reported values. For this purpose, aqueous salt mixtures were prepared at concentrations of 100, 1000, and 10000 mg/l, then diluted to specific levels. Their electrical conductivity was measured using an EC meter, while TDS was determined by the gravimetric method. The results showed that the calculated conversion factor agrees with the reference range at low concentrations, but deviates at higher concentrations. Accordingly, the authors recommend applying the gravimetric method to determine TDS at higher concentrations (≥ 500 mg/l), and subsequently calculating the conversion factor to be used for other concentrations" href="Water contains dissolved minerals, commonly referred to as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), or sometimes as total dissolved salts, whose concentrations vary according to the source and location of the water. TDS (mg/l) can be estimated from electrical conductivity (EC) measurements at 25 °C (mS/cm) by applying a conversion factor (f), which typically ranges between 0.54 and 1.1, as reported in instrument manuals and guidelines. Most EC meters allow switching between different measurement modes, including salinity (g/l), electrical conductivity (µS/cm), and total dissolved solids. (mg/l). This study aims to determine TDS using both gravimetric and conductivity-based methods for a number of laboratory-prepared aqueous solutions with varying concentrations, and to calculate the conversion factor in order to verify its consistency with reported values. For this purpose, aqueous salt mixtures were prepared at concentrations of 100, 1000, and 10000 mg/l, then diluted to specific levels. Their electrical conductivity was measured using an EC meter, while TDS was determined by the gravimetric method. The results showed that the calculated conversion factor agrees with the reference range at low concentrations, but deviates at higher concentrations. Accordingly, the authors recommend applying the gravimetric method to determine TDS at higher concentrations (≥ 500 mg/l), and subsequently calculating the conversion factor to be used for other concentrations">Water contains dissolved minerals, commonly referred to as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), or sometimes as total dissolved salts, whose concentrations vary according to the source and location of the water. TDS (mg/l) can be estimated from electrical conductivity (EC) measurements at 25 °C (mS/cm) by applying a conversion factor (f), which typically ranges between 0.54 and 1.1, as reported in instrument manuals and guidelines. Most EC meters allow switching between different measurement modes, including salinity (g/l), electrical conductivity (µS/cm), and total dissolved solids. (mg/l). This study aims to determine TDS using both gravimetric and conductivity-based methods for a number of laboratory-prepared aqueous solutions with varying concentrations, and to calculate the conversion factor in order to verify its consistency with reported values. For this purpose, aqueous salt mixtures were prepared at concentrations of 100, 1000, and 10000 mg/l, then diluted to specific levels. Their electrical conductivity was measured using an EC meter, while TDS was determined by the gravimetric method. The results showed that the calculated conversion factor agrees with the reference range at low concentrations, but deviates at higher concentrations. Accordingly, the authors recommend applying the gravimetric method to determine TDS at higher concentrations (≥ 500 mg/l), and subsequently calculating the conversion factor to be used for other concentrations
Assessment of Soil Salinity and Its Variability in the Wadi Mawza Basin, Taiz Governorate, Using Geospatial Techniques
Soil salinization is one of the most common land degradation processes, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, where precipitation exceeds evaporation, Under such climatic conditions, soluble salts are accumulated in the soil, influencing soil properties with ultimate decline in productivity. Therefore, the mapping of soil degradation by salinity has a key role in understanding the Spatial variation, rate and direction of degradation. The research provides a model for monitoring and mapping saline soil and its changes between time and time in a Moza wadi basin distributed using remote sensing technology, By tracking the salinity of the soil and its changes using all the spectral indicators, the results of the research found that the soil in the basin is subject to deterioration salinity between time and time, This is confirmed by the decline in the area of the area which is characterized as non-saline by 120.1 km2, The area of the saline area was 41.8 km2, the area of the saline area increased by about 29 km2, and the area of the soils with high salinity About 49.2 km2 of the total area of the basin.
Parasitic Plant Flora Associated with Crops and Wild Vegetation in Abyan South Yemen
This study documents the diversity and host associations of parasitic and hemiparasitic plants in Abyan Governorate, South Yemen, focusing on both crops and wild vegetation. Conducted over January 2024 to December 2024, the study covered four districts: Zinjibar, Al-Wadheea, Lawdar, and Mudiyah. Field surveys, GPS mapping, and interviews with local farmers and agricultural staff were used to collect data.A total of 15 parasitic species were recorded from four families, with Orobanchaceae dominating (≈80%), followed by Loranthaceae. Root-parasitic species, particularly Striga hermonthica and Orobanche spp., heavily affected tomato, maize, millet, and watermelon, while other species mainly parasitized wild plants. Diversity indices (Shannon–Wiener and Simpson) revealed Lawdar and Mudiyah as hotspots of parasitic plant diversity, while Zinjibar had the lowest diversity. Species distribution was strongly influenced by host availability, habitat characteristics, and phytogeographical factors (Saharo-Sindian and Sudano-Zambezian elements). These findings indicate that parasitic plants, especially Orobanchaceae, pose significant threats to both agricultural productivity and natural vegetation in arid regions. Sustainable management strategies, including resistant crop varieties, crop rotation, and monitoring of parasitic species, are recommended to mitigate their impact.
Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties in Drinking Ground Water in Wadi Fira State, Republic of Chad
Ground water are main sources of drinking in Wadi Fira, Chad, this state was chosen as study area due to the lack of research evidences in the past. The study aimed to evaluate some physicochemical properties of ground water comparing with world health organization and local standards in Chad. Water samples were collected from (35 wells) in different locations of the city by using GPS to locate the coordinates of wells in November 2024, and packaged in polyethylene bottles and carefully stored. The samples were analysed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS), pH Meter, Conductivity meter (E.C), Turbidity meter, EDTA titrimetric methods, flame photometric, the analyses were carried out in national water laboratory, Ndjamena. the following parameters such as: pH meter, Electrical Conductivity (E.C), Turbidity, Total Hardness (T.H), Total Dissolved Salt (T.D.S), and total alkalinity (TA), cations, ( Na+, Mg 2+, K+, Ca 2+, Fe2+) and some anions such as: ( F-, CI-, SO42-, NO3-). The results showed that, pH were in the range (6.65-8.20), Electrical Conductivity (E.C), (111.8-1977) µs/cm, except, sample (S10-S23) were found in the range (4440.0-4650) respectively, these values were higher than guidelines of WHO and OMS, turbidity ranges between (0.0-35) NTU except, samples (S6,S7,S21) were found in the range (117.0,50.2,12.8) respectively, within permissible values WHO, but higher than approved level OMS (≤ 5),Total Dissolved Salt (T.D.S) range between (56.6-924.8) mg/L except samples (S19,S26) showed (2227.6-2334.6) respectively, which their recorded values were higher than permitted standard, Na+ (1.4-44.0) mg/L, K+, (1.5-8.9) mg/L except, samples (S16, S26) were found (24.3,64.0) higher than the acceptable limit to OMS and WHO, Mg2+ (4.9-38.9) mg/L Concentrations of Magnesium all the samples were within allowed range, Ca2+ (32.0-200) mg/L Concentrations of Calcium were within approved range with the exception (S10,S18,S19,S26 and S32) were found (240,216,376.0,394.0 and 280.0) consecutively, were higher than suggested range in OMS ( ≤ 200 ), Fe2+ (0.0-02) mg /L, NH4+ (0.0-1.2) mg/L, except samples (S6,S21) were found (3.5,2.6) were higher than suggested range in OMS (≤ 1,5), F-(0.0-1.4) mg/L, Cl- (3.0-1800) mg/L all samples was within allowed range, NO3- (0.0-0.344) mg/L except S19 was found 53.4 was higher than permissible value, SO42- (1.0-160.0) mg/L, most samples had pH and total solubility values of salt within permissible limits according to drinking water quality guidelines of WHO and OMS, with exception some samples content (Electrical conductivity, Total dissolve solid, potassium ion concentration, ammonium concertation and nitrate) were higher in than the allowed limit of Chad Standards and World Health Organization. From the comparison we conclude that most of the sources are with safe for drinking, some need treatments. Further studies should be conducted to determine the concentrations of heavy metals contamination in the study areas. The study recommends that, officials should obligate the organizations and corodies conducing comprehensive investigation before digging wells.
Characterization of a Short-Toed Eagle's Nest (Circuaeus Gallicus) in Wadi Al-Naqa Reserve, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya
This study was conducted in Wadi Al-Naqa Reserve in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar - Libya during five consecutive breeding seasons from 2020-2024 AD, which aims to study and know the characteristics of the nest of the short-toed eagle Circaetus gallicus in addition to taking egg measurements, and the results of the study showed that the average length of the nest reached 80.40cm (±1.9493) and its average height 11.40cm (±1.1401) and its average depth 5.7cm (±0.8366). The study also showed that there is a moderate correlation between the length and height of the nest, while there is a weak correlation between the depth and length of the nest, and there is a strong correlation between the depth and height of the nest, and this study showed that the average height of the nest from the ground was 4.40cm (±1.1401). The average diameter of the tree trunk was 36cm (±7.4162), and the average length of the egg in this study was 7.2cm (±0.4472), 4.8cm (±0.4472) in width, and 96.6g (±5.2725) in weight. This study recorded the average distance between the two nearest neighboring nests, which amounted to 2.1 km. Through the above, this study provides results that contribute to understanding the nesting pattern of the short-toed eagle C. gallicus in Libya, and this study provides results that contribute to understanding the nesting pattern of the short-toed eagle C. gallicus in Libya.
Assessment of DNA Damage in Lichens Caused by Air Pollution in Misurata Using Rapd-PCR
Lichens are widely used in biomonitoring studies of air pollution, either as bioindicator of air quality or as bioaccumulator of atmospheric deposition. In this lichen transplant study, Xanthoria parietina was used as bioindicator to assess the genotoxicity of air pollution in the center area of Misurata City; RAPD profiles revealed significant alteration in the band pattern and decreasing in genomic template stability (GTS)following 4 months of exposure to pollutants. the present results indicate that the lichen species X. parietina provides information about the level of potential genotoxic agents in the studied area. However, this study need to be extended to include larger areas for belonged period with ecological study conducted in parallel to investigate the quality of the air in Misurata.
The Effectiveness of Renewable Energy in Achieving Environmental Protection
This research seeks to crystallize the importance of renewable energy and its relationship to environmental protection, by highlighting the environmental risks of using traditional energy sources and the need to find clean, friendly alternatives that help protect the environment from the harmful effects of pollution, global warming, and their disastrous long-term effects. This is achieved by demonstrating their role in meeting the growing demand for energy in the future. Methodology: The study relied on the analytical approach, using both inductive and deductive methods, in analyzing information obtained from previous research, national legislative texts, as well as international declarations and agreements. Results: We concluded that the use of renewable energy in its various sources is no longer a matter of debate; rather, it has become an inevitable matter that the governments of the Middle East and North Africa region must play an important role in activating and developing it, especially those abundantly available, such as solar and wind energy. Furthermore, political and legislative instability, especially in Arab countries, is considered one of the most important challenges and investment obstacles hindering the development of renewable and alternative energy. Conclusion. We recommend the following: Enact strict laws and procedures to combat the depletion of natural resources and protect the environment from pollution. Support political and security stability in least developed countries to enable legislative frameworks for adopting legal systems that support renewable energy. Develop renewable energy sources to avoid potential future energy crises, while promoting the use of this type of energy, particularly in rural and remote areas lacking even the most basic services.
National Inventory and Ecological Status of Marine Crustaceans in Libyan Waters, Southern Mediterranean
The Libyan coast provides an ecological habitat supporting a diversity of marine crustaceans. This study aims to assess the diversity, spatial distribution, and ecological status of crustacean species inhabiting Libyan marine waters. Data were compiled from a comprehensive review of unpublished scientific surveys, technical reports, and biological samples collected along various parts of the Libyan coast during two main sampling periods: January 2005 to March 2006, and January 2013 to January 2017. Additional benthic samples were obtained from a shipwreck site located on a sandy seabed at a depth of 31 meters off the coast of Tripoli during both winter and summer seasons in 2020. A total of 357 crustacean species were identified, encompassing five taxonomic classes and 138 families. Species richness was highest in the eastern coastal region. The class Malacostraca represented the most taxonomically diverse group, comprising 62.32% of the identified families and 162 species (45% of the total species count). This was followed by Hexanauplia, which accounted for 31.88% of the families and included 183 species (50.83%). The majority of recorded species (94.40%) were native to Libyan waters, while 5.60% were classified as non-indigenous. These non-indigenous species, primarily localized along the coast, offer critical insights into patterns of marine bio-invasion and species establishment in the south-eastern Mediterranean Sea. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of crustacean biodiversity along the Libyan coast, contributing significantly to baseline data for regional marine biodiversity assessments. It also highlights key distributional patterns and potential ecological implications of non-indigenous species in this underexplored sector of the Mediterranean basin.
National Inventory and Current Status of Echinodermata in Libyan Marine Waters
Libyan extensive coastline along the southern Mediterranean Sea is characterized by diverse marine habitats and rich biodiversity. Among the key components of this ecological wealth are echinoderms, which play important roles in benthic ecosystems. This study provides the first comprehensive inventory of echinoderm species documented in Libyan waters, compiled from a range of field surveys conducted over the past several decades. A total of 48 species have been identified, spanning all five echinoderm classes: Crinoidea (1 species), Asteroidea (15 species), Ophiuroidea (12 species), Echinoidea (13 species), and Holothuroidea (7 species). Significantly, this work includes the first recorded occurrences of Ophidiaster ophidianus and Tethyaster subinermis (Asteroidea), as well as Ophiactis virens and Ophiactis macrolepidota (Ophiuroidea) in Libyan waters. These findings enhance our understanding of echinoderm biodiversity along the southern Mediterranean and establish an important baseline for future ecological and conservation efforts in the region.
Collection And Identification of Three Species of Red Algae Corallina ofﬁcinalis, Laurencia obtuse and Wrangelia penicillata from Tocra Coast
Tocra is a coastal city located in the northeastern part of Libya, under the Bakur Cliff, It is characterized by an open rocky beach, The main objective of this research is to select Tocra beach for the purpose of collecting and identifying three species of red algae: Corallina ofﬁcinalis and Laurencia Obtusa and Wrangelia penicillata, Comparing this study with previous studies to determine the presence and distribution of these species on Libyan beaches revealed that Corallina ofﬁcinalis was recorded on the beaches of Benghazi, Sabratha, and Zawiya. Comparing the current study with the previous study on Tocra Beach revealed that the same species was recorded in the current study, in addition to another species recorded in the previous study Corallina granifera, Laurencia obtusa was recorded on the beaches of Tripoli, Sorman, Sabratha, Benghazi, Tocra, Derna, and Sousse. Comparing the current study with the previous study on Tocra beach revealed that the same species was recorded in the current study, in addition to the presence of three other species recorded in the previous study Laurencia papillosa, Laurencia liophor, and Laurencia paniculata. Wrangelia penicillata was recorded on the beaches of Benghazi and Tocra. Comparing the current study with the previous study on Tocra Beach revealed that the same species was recorded in the current study, and it is the only species. This is not surprising, as only one species of the genus Wrangelia has been recorded in Mediterranean countries.
A Study on Evaluating Measures to Reduce Food Waste in the Southern Regions of Libya
The level of nutritional awareness among individuals in society significantly impacts dietary habits, which, in turn, reflects on food security and planning policies at the national level. The importance of this research stems from the necessity of evaluating efforts to prevent food waste in the lives of individuals and communities across different times and places.This study aims to examine the level of consumer awareness in the southern regions of Libya regarding food waste. Data were collected using a specially designed questionnaire containing clear and specific questions aligned with the research objectives. The data were analyzed using percentages, arithmetic means, and appropriate statistical analyses.The results indicate a positive attitude among participants towards managing food waste, highlighting the potential to utilize food leftovers instead of discarding them. The findings also reveal that recycling these leftovers can reduce their harmful impact on the environment, with the possibility of using vegetable and fruit waste as organic fertilizer for soil.Based on these findings, the study recommends focusing on the role of the media in raising consumer awareness and educating the Libyan community about the importance of reducing food waste and effectively utilizing available resources.
First Record of the Black Crowned Crane (Balearica pavonina, Linnaeus, 1758) in Libya
On 7 August 2025, a single adult Black Crowned Crane (Balearica pavonina) was observed and photographed in Tripoli, Libya (32.87806°N, 13.13656°E), perched on a domestic water storage tank in a residential area. This represents the first confirmed record of the species in the country. B. pavonina is widely distributed across the Sahel region of Africa but has not previously been documented in Libya. The bird’s presence outside typical wetland or grassland habitat suggests either natural vagrancy, displacement, or escape from captivity. This observation extends the known northern limit of the species range and underscores the need for continued avifaunal monitoring in Libya.
Morphometry of Siganus rivulatus (Siganidae) from the Southern Mediterranean Sea
Siganus rivulatus, a Lessepsian migrant fish species, has successfully colonized the southern Mediterranean Sea. This study aimed to investigate the morphometric characteristics of S. rivulatus from Soussa coast, eastern Libya, southern Mediterranean Sea. Twenty specimens were measured individually for fourteen morphometric parameters. The mean length and weight of the fish were 19.52 cm and 109.35 g, respectively. Pairwise correlations among the morphometric parameters were highly significant, ranging from strong to moderate positive relationships. Regression analyses revealed that all parameters increased at different rates with fish length and head length. Fulton's condition factor (KF) of 1.44 and Clark's condition factor (KC) of 1.16 indicated that the fish were in good health. The 'b' value of the power regression for the length-weight relationship of 2.93 suggests slightly negative allometric growth.
The Biological, Histopathological and Genotoxic Effects of some Pesticides on Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
It is known that pesticides used in agricultural fields affect non-target organisms in the environment as they kill marine organisms or have negative effects on the vital organs of these organisms after entering the aquatic environment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the biochemical, histopathological, and genotoxic effects in trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and this was done by exposing the fish to sublethal concentrations of pyriproxyfen, imazamox, and hemixazole for 96 hours. Biochemical parameters of plasma samples, histopathological evaluation of gills, liver, kidneys, and spleen, and DNA damage of blood cells were investigated at 48 and 96 hours. The results showed that the levels of cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, triglycerides, and total protein of fish exposed to higher concentrations of pyriproxyfen showed significant differences compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Regarding the histopathological effects of sublethal concentrations of pesticides, it was determined that the harmful effects on salmon increased depending on time and increasing concentration. Nuclear degeneration and necrosis in parenchymal cells were detected at an excessive level in the spleen. DNA strand breaks were also detected in the blood cells of fish depending on concentration and time. DNA damage was highest in fish exposed to high concentrations of pyriproxyfen, followed by imazamox and finally hemexazole. In conclusion, it was observed that the biochemical, histopathological, and genotoxic effects of pesticides increased depending on concentration and time. Therefore, during the use of these pesticides, we should be more careful to protect the aquatic environments.
A Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of the Red Sea Goatfish Parupeneus forsskali: An Overlooked Confirmed Invader Along the Libyan Coast (Southern Mediterranean Sea)
Here we confirm the occurrence of population of the Red Sea goatfish, Parupeneus forsskali (Fourmanoir & Guézé, 1976), in the Libyan coastal waters of Benghazi. A brief description of the collected individuals is presented, and the species’ geographical expansion and phylogenetic structure along the southern Mediterranean coasts and the description of the phylogenetic structure in order to explain the route of its arrival to the southern Mediterranean is discussed.
Estimation Of Bioaccumulation of Copper and Zinc In The Soil and Trees of Eucalyptus gomphocephala and Ficus nitida In Darna City, Libya
The study aimed to estimate the bioaccumulation of heavy metals ( copper & zinc) in the soil and leaves of Eucalyptus gomphocephala and Ficus nitida in three different areas in Darna city and feasibility of exploit it on biomonitoring of polluted air with heavy metals in the urban areas. The selected three areas were City centre , cement factory and steam station . complete randomized design was used in the experiment with three factors . The results showed significant differences among the study areas in their content of copper and zinc where city centre area recorded the highest zinc (Zn) content , followed by steam station area which recorded also the highest content of copper followed by the area of cement factory . The trees showed significant differences between them in their content of zinc, Eucalyptus gomphocephalla recorded zinc content significantly higher than Ficus nitida while their copper content was insignificant . the results also revealed high significant divergences between the samples (leaves and the soil) where zinc and copper content were significantly higher in the soil compared to the leaves. The effect of interaction between the areas and trees on copper content was insignificant while it offered high significant effect on content of zinc, the effect of interaction between trees and samples on content of zinc was insignificant whilst it was high significant on the content of copper .The results also showed high significant effect of the interaction between areas and sample type ( leaves and soil) and significant interaction effect of the three factors on content of copper and zinc.
Confirmation of Breeding of the Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus, Levaillant, J, 1850) in Western and Eastern Libya.
The Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus), particularly the North African breeding subspecies B. r. cirtensis, has long been suspected to breed across Libya, though precise breeding localities remained undocumented or poorly verified. This article provides the first confirmed breeding records from two distinct locations in Libya: the western region near Bani Waleed and the eastern region in Wadi Annagha in Derna and Tokhara suburb of the city of Labraq.
Estimation of the amount of degradation of Juniperus phoenicea trees and its relationship to environmental factors in several sites of the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar -Libya
This study was conducted on the Juniperus phoenicea L. in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region in two phases. In the first phase, a field survey was carried out in 2016 across several juniper forests located in the central part of the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar. The study included various sites at different elevations, such as Soussa, Ras Al Hilal, Al-Hamamah, Al-Wasita, Qasr Al-Muqaddam, Bel-Hadid, Belghrai, Wadi Al-Kouf, and Al-Bayda. The results revealed a variation in infection rates among the sites. When calculating the infection percentages, it became evident that most locations showed high rates exceeding 90%, with the exception of Qasr Al-Muqaddam and Al-Bayda, which recorded lower rates of 46.8% and 68.0%, respectively. The highest severity of infection was noted in Wadi Al-Kouf and Belghrai, with 60.9% and 64.0%, respectively. Moderate infection severity ranging from 47% to 55% was observed in Ras Al Hilal, Al-Wasita, and Bel-Hadid, while the remaining areas recorded lower severity levels below 35%. The second phase focused on monitoring the decline of Juniperus trees across three terraces located at different elevations throughout the four seasons of 2017. These terraces were Al-Hamamah, situated at approximately 40 meters above sea level; Al-Wasita, at about 290 meters; and Wadi Al-Kouf, located around 600 meters above sea level. Environmental and climatic factors, including temperature, relative humidity, and physical and chemical soil properties, were measured at each site to identify the causes of juniper mortality. The results indicated a seasonal variation in infection rates across the three locations. The highest infection rate was recorded in summer at Wadi Al-Kouf, reaching 89.83%, whereas the lowest was observed in spring at Al-Hamamah, at 49.03%. Infection severity followed a similar pattern, with the highest values also occurring in summer: 78.47% in Wadi Al-Kouf, 65.70% in Al-Hamamah, and 63.07% in Al-Wasita. In contrast, spring recorded the lowest severity, particularly in Al-Wasita, where it did not exceed 30.80%. The study concluded that unfavorable climatic conditions, especially high temperatures in summer, played a significant role in the accelerated decline of juniper trees. Wadi Al-Kouf was identified as the most affected site during the summer season. Furthermore, analysis of disease progression showed a clear relationship between juniper mortality and environmental factors. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) revealed a moderate relationship between infection rate and severity with temperature in 2016, a moderate correlation between infection rate and seasonal changes, a moderate correlation between infection rate and temperature, and a strong correlation between infection severity and temperature in 2017.
Simulation of Flood Paths of Wadi Al-Megenin Using HEC-RAS Software
Floods resulting from dam collapses are among the most dangerous natural disasters that threaten lives and infrastructure, especially in urban areas located along the paths and estuaries of valleys. This study aims to simulate the expected flooding in a scenario where the Wadi Al-Megenin Dam, south of the Libyan capital, Tripoli, collapses. This study assumes that its storage reservoir is filled to 60 million cubic meters. The study used the HEC-RAS program to estimate the extent of the resulting risks. The results showed that the flood wave resulting from the dam collapse could reach vital areas in the capital, such as Tripoli International Airport and Qasr Bin Ghashir, in less than 24 hours, with flood levels rising to more than 11 meters and a flow velocity exceeding 2 m/s. It also showed that floodwaters would continue to advance north, submerging large parts of the city, reaching the coast within three days, affected by the slope of the land and urban obstructions. The results, according to the proposed simulation scenario, indicated that approximately 25-30% of the capital's neighborhoods would be submerged. The study provides accurate simulation data that supports risk management efforts and helps decision-makers develop effective preventive plans to reduce potential losses.
Survey of Plant Species in Central Plateau of Al-Batnan, Libya.
The main objective of this study was to survey plants in the central plateau of Al-Batnan , the vegetation sampling was carried out between March 2023 to October 2024 with several field trips to study area, and make a list dealing with the floristic composition .Where five regions were randomly selected and all plant species found in them were recorded. 148 species belonging to 110 genera and 38 families were found, all which are angiosperms , 5 monocotyledonous families and 33 dicotyledonous families, the dominant family was Asteraceae , where 27 species have been identified , constituting 18% of the total species, followed by Fabaceae family with 22 species and 15% of the total species, then Chenopodiaceae family with 11 species, i.e. 7% of the total. These species were divided according to their life form into five groups (Therophyte 44% , Chamaephyte 24% , Hemicryptophyte 14% , Phanerophyte 11% , Geophyte 7% ).
Evaluation of Antagonistic Ability of a Local Isolate of Trichoderma harzianum Against Rhizoctonia solani
In this study, a local isolate of the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma harzianum was used to evaluate its antagonistic capacity against the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani, such as competition, antagonism, and mycoparasitism, and to use it as a seed coat or in soil injection to study its effect on seed germination and to resist seed rot and seedling damping-off disease caused by R. solani. The results showed that T. harzianum significantly affects the growth of the pathogen, directly or indirectly. Microscopic examination showed that the antagonistic fungal hyphae grew parallel to the pathogenic hyphae, coiling around them in a spiral fashion, and forming protrusions that punctured the mycelium of the pathogenic fungus. Treatment with the antagonistic fungus T. harzianum, whether as a seed coat or injected into the soil before planting, improved the germination rate by 64.7%, significantly reduced seed rot to 35.3%, and increased the percentage of healthy seedlings to 60% in the presence of the pathogenic fungus R. solani.
Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Some Internal Valleys Soil in Wadi Al-Shatii, Libya
Newly formed Entisols are prevalent in the topographically lower regions of the Wadi Al-Shati basin. As immature soils, they are characterized by low nutrient content essential for plant growth. The quantity and quality of these nutrients are significantly influenced by the soil's physicochemical and biological properties, such as texture, structure, bulk and particle density, and porosity. Consequently, these properties directly impact the basin's biodiversity and vegetative cover. Understanding these characteristics provides crucial insight into their positive or negative effects on the diversity and density of plant life. Soil properties vary with location, while geological, topographical, climatic, and hydrological conditions play a vital role in determining their physicochemical and biological attributes. Studying the soil characteristics of these internal wadi channels in the Wadi Al-Shati region is essential for identifying their potential as a sustainable natural resource. A scientific approach is necessary to improve, maintain, and conserve these soils, ensuring their long-term viability. This study aims to determine the physicochemical and biological characteristics of the soils within two internal wadi channels in Wadi Al-Shati, Libya: Wadi Tarut and Wadi Ququm. The results revealed significant differences in the soil properties of the two wadis. The percentage of organic matter in Wadi Tarut ranged from 1.2% to 2%, while in Wadi Ququm, it ranged from 1.3% to 2.8%. Similarly, particle density varied, measuring between 2.3 and 2.7 g/cm³ for Wadi Tarut and 2.3 and 2.8 g/cm³ for Wadi Ququm. Differences were also noted in water retention capacity, which ranged from 10.6% to 14% in Wadi Tarut and 9.4% to 15% in Wadi Ququm. Both wadis exhibited high electrical conductivity values, with Wadi Tarut soils ranging from 24.5 to 84.4 dS/m⁻¹ and Wadi Ququm soils from 4.20 to 10.60 dS/m⁻¹. The pH was nearly neutral in both wadis, ranging from 6.9 to 7.3 for Wadi Tarut and 7.2 to 7.6 for Wadi Qumqum. Sodium ion concentrations were elevated, ranging from 4.8 to 39.00 mg/L in Wadi Tarut and 14.6 to 36.00 mg/L in Wadi Qumqum. Potassium content in Wadi Tarut was between 3 and 35.2 mg/L, while in Wadi Qumqum, it ranged from 5.8 to 9.00 mg/L. The findings of this study lead to the conclusion that the environmental conditions of these two internal wadis, such as extreme aridity and high salinity, act as selective pressures, allowing only plant species capable of adapting to these harsh conditions to thrive.
Towards Environmental Sustainability: A Comprehensive Review of Electrochemical Methods for Remediating Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil and Water-Achievements, Challenges, and Prospects
Heavy metal contamination of soil and water resources poses severe threats to environmental sustainability and human health. Electrochemical remediation technologies (ERT) have emerged as promising, versatile approaches for treating such contamination. This state-of-the-art review critically examines the fundamental mechanisms underpinning electrokinetic remediation (EKR) for soil and electrochemical treatment (ECT) for water, including electromigration, electroosmosis, electrophoresis, and electrolytic redox reactions at electrodes. We synthesize recent advances in their application for removing common heavy metals (e.g., Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Cu, Zn, Hg). Field-scale demonstrations and hybrid systems (e.g., coupling with permeable reactive barriers, phytoremediation, or chemical enhancement) are highlighted, showcasing enhanced efficiency and broader applicability. Despite significant progress, critical scale-up challenges persist, including energy consumption optimization, managing soil heterogeneity and groundwater flow, electrode stability and cost, secondary waste management, and regulatory acceptance. This review identifies key knowledge gaps and provides targeted recommendations for future research, emphasizing the need for integrated pilot studies, advanced electrode materials, renewable energy integration, standardized performance monitoring protocols, and techno-economic analyses to bridge the gap between laboratory success and widespread field implementation.