Abstract

first pages of the journal

Abstract

The Earth is exposed to heating every year due to a rise in the level of carbon dioxide gas. A temporary cooling of the Earth’s surface may occur during the period of volcanic eruption and its injection of sulfur dioxide aerosol (SO2) into the stratosphere, where air pollution stabilizes, and eventually temperatures return to levels. Before the eruption. This is what the current study focused on, as during the eruption of Raykok volcano, which resulted in sulfur dioxide that passed over Libya on the 6th of August 2019, a cooling of temperatures was observed, although its quantities were small compared to the source of the eruption, and an inverse relationship was observed, in the hours of 00-06 for day 6 were low temperatures, noting the arrival of the sulfur dioxide column over Libya, and the correlation coefficient reached - 0.45, despite the fact that the month of August is characterized by hot months, while the correlation coefficient reached -0.41, - 0.22, - 0.16 for the time hour periods 06-12, 12-18, and 18-23:59 min, respectively. The correlation coefficient was observed to decrease with a decrease in sulfur dioxide gas, which was evident when the temperatures returned to normal

Abstract

"The problem of air pollution is considered one of the major problems facing the world, and many people believe that gaseous emissions, dust, and human activities are mainly responsible for air pollution. This field study was conducted at a number of thirteen points distributed among the garbage dumps in the city of Al-Bayda, and the study continued for a period of time that included the seasons of the year. This research aimed to identify fungi resulting from the microbial activity of garbage dumps residing in the atmospheric air by catching them, isolating them, and classifying them according to fungal genera, where glass traps were collected. After distributing it around the landfill at distances of 100, 500, and 1000 meters from the landfill, then these slides were transferred to the fungi laboratory located in the Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, and the process of isolating the fungi from the glass slides collected from the landfills was carried out. The results indicated that the number of isolated fungi reached 13 fungal genera, with the largest number of fungal colonies being of fungi. Aspergillus niger , Penicillium spp , Alternaria spp , Rhizopus spp , Mucor spp and Fusarium spp , At rates that reached (11.6, 16.4, 12.9, 9.9, 2.9, and 1.5%), respectively, it was also found that the highest fungal prevalence of fungal colonies of Penicillium spp and Aspergillus niger was during the summer, with rates reaching (68.55 - 66.34%), respectively, and the lowest prevalence was during The winter season was at rates of (4.77 - 2.41%), respectively, and the spread of fungi was present in all sites, as it was found that the extent of the spread of fungi exceeds a range of 1000 metres.

Abstract

This research was carried out for the purpose of studying the soaking and spraying of the barley plant L. Hordum vulgare (a local variety) with the hormone gibberellin at a concentration of 35 ppm for soaking, and a concentration of 14 ppm for spraying on some phenotypic characteristics of barley plants treated irrigated with different concentrations of sea water (0, 30, 60, 80, and 100%).Growth parameters were used as an indicator of the response of barley plants to treatment with the hormone, which are the number of leaves, stem length, relative dry weight of the plant, and proline. The results showed that salinity has a negative effect on all metrics used. While treating barley plants by soaking and spraying with two concentrations of the hormone gibberellin led to an increase in the number of leaves, stem length, proline content and relative dry weight of plants growing in different concentrations of sea water.

Abstract

The escalating global health crisis posed by antibiotic-resistant bacteria has prompted researchers to seek effective natural alternatives to combat these pathogens. Chamomile, a medicinal plant with recognized antibacterial properties, has emerged as a promising candidate. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of chamomile extracts (aqueous and alcoholic) on the growth of select pathogenic bacteria and investigate their synergistic effect with antibiotics on the susceptibility of these bacterial strains. The antibacterial activity of aqueous and alcoholic chamomile extracts was assessed using the disc diffusion method against six pathogenic bacteria: Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterobacter cloacae. The synergistic effect of combining these extracts with antibiotics on the efficacy of the latter was also examined. Chemical analysis of the extracts was conducted to identify their active constituents. The aqueous extract exhibited no antibacterial activity, while the alcoholic extract demonstrated efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus. When combined with certain antibiotics, both aqueous and alcoholic extracts enhanced the susceptibility of most bacteria to the tested antibiotics, with the exception of Klebsiella pneumoniae, which exhibited increased resistance to the antibiotic tetracycline. Chemical analysis of the alcoholic extract revealed the presence of active compounds (alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, phenols) that could potentially account for its antibacterial effect. Chamomile exhibits an inhibitory effect on certain bacterial strains and demonstrates a synergistic effect with some antibiotics.

Abstract

Aplysia fasciata is a peculiar marine gastropod that is a one of the Aplysiidae family. It is frequently seen in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea's coastal waters. This study investigated structure of morphological and anatomical of A. fasciata. Thirteen specimens of A. fasciata were obtained on 16th of June, 2022 during spawning season that were available significantly and abundantly. Specimens were kept in the laboratory in filtered seawater with a salinity of 37 ppt, pH 7± 0.5, room temperature 25°C, and water temperature 20°C. Until the samples are study the external form and then to study dissected internal organs, anatomical investigations. Morphological features usually coloured extremely dark brown. It has soft body is coated in a thick substance that resembles mucus and has two tentacle pairs, the largest pair being utilized for sensory awareness and react defensively to touch by retracting their gills into their protective mantle cavity. Had for thirteen A. fasciata their external measurements obtained in order to examine their physical attributes than dissected it was found the digestive tract is mostly composed of the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The oesophagus and a buccal mass made up the foregut. A sizable crop, grinding plates, and a real stomach made up the midgut (digestive pouch). An intestine and a rectum comprise the hindgut. Reproductive system had both male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive system consists of ovotestis, small hermaphroditic duct, accessory genital masses, large hermaphroditic duct, seminal receptacle, spermatheca, genital aperture. The tiny and big hermaphroditic ducts are attached to this mass. The survival of A. fasciata depends on its intricate reproductive system. The inside shell in A. fasciata possesses a simple, It has a saucer like form, and a recurved, pointed umbo and rostrum that dangle over the concave interior. The shell is imbedded in the mantle. The exterior is coloured yollesh and features a sculpture of a few faint radiating lines, close-set concentric striae, and growth lines. Particularly A. fasciata are amazing animals with unusual behaviours and adaptations and their study offers insightful knowledge about marine life.

Abstract

This research was carried out for the purpose of studying the soaking and spraying of the barley plant L. Hordum vulgare (a local variety) with the hormone gibberellin at a concentration of 35 ppm for soaking, and a concentration of 14 ppm for spraying on some phenotypic characteristics of barley plants treated irrigated with different concentrations of sea water (0, 30, 60, 80, and 100%).Growth parameters were used as an indicator of the response of barley plants to treatment with the hormone, which are the number of leaves, stem length, relative dry weight of the plant, and proline. The results showed that salinity has a negative effect on all metrics used. While treating barley plants by soaking and spraying with two concentrations of the hormone gibberellin led to an increase in the number of leaves, stem length, proline content and relative dry weight of plants growing in different concentrations of sea water.

Abstract

" Around the world, one-third of global agricultural production, estimated at several billion dollars, is lost annually by more than 20k species of insects in fields and granary. Therefore, this study aims to assessment the effect of powdered red pepper (Capsicum L.) fruits and wormwood (Artemisia L.) leaves on preserving cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seeds and their impact on the subsequent germination process. The powders were added in different concentrations to seeds by 0, 2, 10, 20 and 30% and kept for 3 months at temperature of 35-400 C. After that, the seeds were weighed and the extent of pest emergence and the impact of the seeds on them were measured. Moreover, the seeds treatments were subjected to 10-day germination cycle, followed by measuring the germination indicators of percentage, radical and plumage length. The results showed the ability of powdered red pepper and wormwood to preserve chickpea seeds. The ability to preserve cowpeas was limited to red pepper powder, as the weight loss in the presence of wormwood reached 3.8-23.1%. The results also showed a negative effect of the tested powders on the germination of chickpea seeds, and the decrease in the percentage of germination was 10-40% compared to the control seeds, and for the rest of the germination measures of radical and plumage length, there were no significant effects of these powders on them, so this study recommends the possibility of using red pepper in preserving cowpea seeds for a period of 3 months and searching for other effective sources from the local environment to preserve chickpea seeds that do not affect their germination process. "

Abstract

Some areas in Libya depend on municipal water wells, which extract water from nearby shallow aquifers, besides water from the Great Man-Made River, which is considered the largest source of drinking water in Libya, as well as some desalination plants. The main work of this study is to understand the most significant geochemical processes controlling groundwater quality and to evaluate the groundwater quality criteria for irrigation and drinking of Tazerbo Wellfield, Line 300, SE Libya. The nine groundwater samples were taken from nine wells numbered from (310–318) in the studied wells. The Great Man-Made River Authority's lab performed the analysis of water samples. There are three aquifers in studied wells: shallow, intermediate, and deep. The result showed the studied ground water was characterized by fresh water (Na Ca HCO3 type). All the parameters of irrigation, such as EC, SAR, KR, Na%, and PI, are good to excellent for irrigation uses. The origin of major ions weathered from silicate rocks. The concentration levels of (Mn) and (Fe) are above the acceptable limit for drinking water and should be treated before pumping to the pipelines. The pH in the studied water is considered acidity water, and it is classified as mainly somewhat corrosive. Many tools have been used to remove these contaminants (e.g., oxidation with chlorine, ozone, or green sand filters).

Abstract

The forests of the Juniperus phoenicea L. in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region are going through a state of severe deterioration in some locations, to the state of total death and in other locations deterioration and partial death, where the deterioration begins with a change in the color of the leaves and branches in the form of yellowing and then turning brown, and the change begins in the retrograde, and at the late stage of degradation the trees die. Fungal isolates obtained from leaves and branches that show symptoms of death have been identified as Rhizoctonia solani this is the first report of Rhizoctonia solani in the Al-Wasita area of the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar of Libya with an appearance rate of 56.25%, and about this fungus as one of the pathogens of Juniperus phoenicea.

Abstract

In modern society, the consumption of bottled water has become increasingly popular due to concerns over the quality of tap water. In the face of increasing scrutiny over the quality of bottled water and its health implications, the aim of this investigation is to evaluate the chemical quality of collected brands of bottled drinking water available in Tajura, Tripoli- Libya. This research focuses on physicochemical parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and the concentrations of essential ions such as sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), and sulfate (SO₄²⁻), using standard techniques in laboratory.The electrical conductivity (EC) measurements ranged from 114 μs/cm to 193 μs/cm, while the total hardness varied between 16.03 mg/L and 60.01 mg/L. The pH levels were found to be between 6.01 and 7.16. Potassium concentrations ranged from 0.47 to 2.02 mg/L, calcium levels from 3.21 to 9.61 mg/L, and magnesium content from 0.94 to 11.6 mg/L. Additionally, bicarbonate levels ranged from 17.1 to 30.6 mg/L, and sulfate concentrations varied from 5.1 to 10.2 mg/L.The findings were meticulously compared to both Libyan specifications and standards and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines to determine compliance and safety standards.The results of all parameters indicated that every bottled water brand complied with safety standards established for public health regulations and policies. This study will contribute to the development of effective strategies aimed at ensuring that all individuals have access to clean and safe drinking water

Abstract

In this study, the chemical and composition of some natural aromatic and medicinal plants from Wadi Al-Shati, Libya, was investigated using standard methods in order to evaluate the benefits of these plants which are considered as a good source of many food requirements. Chemical analyses showed that the percentage of moisture content, crude protein, crude fat, total carbohydrate content, total ash content, acidity and pH in thyme leaves based on dry weight were (10.5%, 7.32%, 1.920%, 67.58%, 10.68%, 0.256%, 6.65 respectively) and in black pepper were (7.04%, 13.84%, 0.260%, 73.41%, 5.45%, 0.128%, 6.97 respectively) while in red pepper has been (9.07%, 12.40%, 0.940%, 67.37%, 10.22%, 0.256%, 5.59 respectively) but in ginger roots was (8.91%, 7.19%, 0.573%, 78.96%, 4.37% ,0.123%, 5.34 respectively) and the concentrations of major mineral elements calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium it has been found in thyme as (104.23 mg/g, 33.50 mg/g, 50.77 mg/g, 57.03 mg/g respectively) but in black pepper it was (120.27 mg/g, 62.53 mg/g, 28.50 mg/g, 76.80 mg/g respectively) while in red pepper sample it was (16.13 mg/g, 57.83 mg/g, 59.67 mg/g, 99.83 mg/g respectively). In ginger roots it was found (16.50 mg/g, 38.80 mg/g, 72.97 mg/g, 51.40 mg/g respectively), whereas the amount of heavy mineral elements (lead, cadmium and copper) has been found in Thyme (0.01 mg/g, 0.0133 mg/g, 0.015 mg/g respectively), and in black pepper it was (0.015 mg/g, 0.0667 mg/g, 0.02 mg/g respectively), and in red pepper it has been found (0.0133 mg/g, 0.0017 mg/g, 0.023 mg/g respectively) whereas in ginger roots it was (0.0667 mg/g, 0.05 mg/g, 0.0233 mg/g respectively). The results of this study showed that these plants has a high nutritional value, and considered as essential components performing many important activities in the body.

Abstract

This study investigates the utilization of membrane processes for the direct capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) from air, a technology of increasing interest for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, its adoption remains controversial within the engineering community due to the high dilution level of CO2 in air. The research focuses on evaluating the separation performance of a membrane unit for CO2 capture from air, taking into account the influence of membrane material properties and operating conditions on energy requirements. The models considered in this paper are complete mixing and crossflow models. As for the methods used for estimating both models are Excel Sheet and Polymath Software, respectively. The findings indicate that membranes necessitate either high selectivity and carbon dioxide permeance or a lower pressure ratio (permeate to feed pressure) to achieve higher purity in a single stage. When comparing the mole fraction of carbon dioxide in the permeate side at the crossflow model, the results exhibit an 8.2% percent error compared to the literature value of 6000 ppm. The study provides insights into the capabilities and limitations of membrane technology for direct CO2 capture from air. However, from a practical standpoint, the achievable CO2 purity level (5506ppm) may be deemed insufficient for various target applications.

Abstract

Salinity is a major non-living stressor that impacts agricultural output globally, especially in dry and semi-dry areas. This research analyzes how various salinity levels in irrigation water affect the growth and physiological reactions of alfalfa cultivar and examines the potential of palm leaf ash to alleviate these effects. Research was carried out in a controlled greenhouse setting, testing different levels of salinity (0, 6000, and 10000 ppm) both with and without ash foliar treatment. Various growth factors such as shoot and root length, dry matter content, relative water content, soluble sugar, protein, proline, and chlorophyll levels were evaluated. The findings show that salt levels decrease the growth of alfalfa, but applying ash helps counteract this by increasing nutrient availability, enhancing water retention, and stabilizing physiological functions. The research indicates that using ash may be an affordable way to enhance the ability of crops to withstand high levels of salt in their environment.

Abstract

This research was managed in selected locations of - Cyrenaica, Libya to discover the herbivorous insects related via the Juniperus phoenicea also the Pistacia atlantica. Compressing chosen to converge of the two main species of three study locations, J. phoenicea and P. atlantica, nine plots were mapped in feature and the insect herbivores modelled from central plants, and next from every plants. The set of insect herbivores composed from plants in the plots were documented to species by the expertise of the employees of the Natural History Museum in London. Several insects evidenced are new to Libya, and there are a number of species not before recorded as feeding on either of the two plant species studied. The commonest species on Juniperus in both years of modelling was Xylomeira sp. (Bostrichidae), a species that attacks live and dead wood. This strengthen important herbivore that could influence the survival and life-history of juniper in Al Jabal Al Akhdar. In reality, almost all the commonest species on juniper were beetles, counting many wood-boring species, such as Agrilus (Xeragrilus) sp. (Buprestidae) and Purpuricenus desfontainii (Cerambycidae). Obviously juniper is a main supply for beetles in this region. On Pistacia, on the previous offer, the commonest species diverse between years, with Orthoptera heading the catalogue in the first sampling year: Paracinipe (Acinipe) orientalis, Oedopodacae rulescens and Scintharista notabilis. A set of wood-boring beetles were commonest in the second year of sampling, some of which were the same as those on juniper. This variability may indicate that the quality of Pistacia as a host varies among years, but we do not really have any real indication as to its basis. Geography is clearly one of the major influences on the distribution of the insect herbivore fauna of Al Jabal Al Akhdar in the Mediterranean ecosystem. The number of recorded species broadly increases with elevation, while middle elevations had the greatest overall insect abundances. Insect damage to plants also increased with elevation. In contrast, the two commonest species had their greatest abundances at the highest (Xylomeira) and the lowest (Oedopoda) elevations. Herbivore pressure has usually been found to be higher at lower elevations. Herbivorous insect diversity is also impacted by plant architecture, the size, growth form and diversity of feeding niches on the plant. Therefore, area for area, trees have more herbivores species than bushes, which in turn have more than herbs. Several other plant traits are known to affect the diversity of insect herbivores: for example, plant biochemistry, taxonomic affinity and local richness. If herbivore pressure really does increase with elevation in Al Jabal Al Akhdar, then we might predict that defence levels might mirror it. Thus we might predict increasing levels of tannin with elevation

Abstract

"Carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.), is a small to medium sized broadleaf, a slowly growing, woody evergreen, sclerophyll, and widespread specie occurring as a native plant in the Mediterranean Basin. Carob tree is an environmentally and economically important tree and it is an evergreen native wild species found naturally in El-Gabal El-Akhdar region which is located in the coastal belt of the northeastern region of Libya. Seeds pretreated with different methods were allowed to continue their growth and the measurements of development were studied. Carob seedlings which produced from pretreated with soaking in boiling water showed significant differences in their fresh weight, root and shoot lengths compared with untreated control seedlings, while results of dry weight was not significant compared to control treatment. The effect of using sulfuric acid pretreatments with different exposure periods, showed no significant differences in seedling parameters (dry weight, fresh weight, shoot and root lengths) compared to control. Because of its good ability to germinate and develop after treatment with boiling water which is easy, cheap and available, the study recommended that the Libyan carob can be used in any restoration, rehabilitation and reforestation programs. "

Abstract

An evaluation study was conducted on the successive vertebrae that form the backbone of the Lagocephalus sceleratus fish species from the coast of Derna (Derna Port), East of Libya. The spine of this species has been divided distinctly into three different major regions (parts of the fish body). This division is more complicated than the classical division of the stem and tail segments. Its distinctive appearance can be clearly demonstrated in the case of regionalization in the spine of this species, that changes could be appeared, through the length difference of vertebrae in different areas of the spine, these morphological descriptive measures reflect the morphological status of the skeletal structure, which could be associated with swimming and movement manner of Toadfish.

Abstract

The irrigation water quality is influenced by the concentration and composition of soluble salts present affecting agricultural production in arid and semiarid regions. this study aimed to evaluate groundwater and determine the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), in the Sidi-Farag area, specifically the police farms (formerly) located south of Benghazi city in July 2024. The study employed the Gibbs diagram and the Piper diagram to characterize the groundwater and demonstrate the hydro-geochemical influence. ,five groundwater samples were randomly taken from different sites in The area covering approximately 350 hectares in the study area. The study's statistical findings demonstrate that all irrigation water values were within the permissible limits outlined in the (FAO) Irrigation Standards (Ayers & Westcot, 1985) and showed the following order: Na+>Ca++>Mg++>K+and Cl- > HCO3- >SO42-. The agricultural water quality was assessed using SAR and falls into the Excellent category with SAR <10. Based on the negative RSC value (-3.0), it is unlikely that the water is unlikely to lead to sodium accumulation issues in the soil by using these sources. finally, The Gibbs diagram indicates that the occurrence of ion dissolution in groundwater due to evaporation and precipitation is greater than that caused by rock dominance or any other sources. Based on the Piper diagram analysis, the groundwater was classified into Na, Ca, Cl, Mg, and CaHCO3 types.