Abstract

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Abstract

Abstract: Leguminous plants are considered one of the most important crops, whether from a nutritional, economic or environmental standpoint, and are second only to crops in the Poaceae family in terms of providing nutrients, due to their seeds being characterized by a high content of proteins and carbohydrates. This study aimed to quantitatively estimate carbohydrates and proteins in the (fresh) and mature (dry) seeds of Vicia faba and Pisum sativum plants, which were collected after the crop dried from the field. The total content of carbohydrates and proteins was estimated as a percentage of the dry weight (wet in the case of fresh seeds). For dried Vicia faba and Pisum sativum seeds for the 2021 and 2022 crops, and fresh seeds for the 2022 crop before and after drying in the oven. The results showed that the percentage of carbohydrates was higher than the percentage of protein for all of the seed samples studied. In the case of vicia faba seeds, the highest amount of carbohydrate content was recorded as a percentage of the dry weight in the dry seeds for the 2021 and 2022 crops, and it was 22.09% and 20.79%, respectively. As for the protein content for the same years, it was 17.6% and 19.68%. It is also noted from the results that the lowest content of carbohydrates and protein was recorded for fresh Vicia faba seeds, and it was 7.95% and 11.01%, respectively.

Abstract

The chemical composition of bee honey varies with the surrounding environment (botanical source and geographical origin), which reflects the nutritional value of honey. Accordingly, twenty Libyan honey samples were collected through the period 2016–2017 from different areas in Libya as the honey samples under study. Eight elements, including K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn, have been analyzed using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Also, statistical analysis of these elements has been performed to determine the present correlation between geographical origin and variation in locations of these elements from one sample to another. In addition, pollen grain analysis was performed for all honey samples to evaluate the botanical source of each sample and interpret the variations in elemental content (nutrition value) from one sample to another. These elements were returned in the ranges (mg/kg) as follows: K: 253.6–4675.5; Na: 41.0–588.0; Ca: 41.0–801.0; Mg: 7.2–44.05; Fe: 4.45–7.9; Zn: 1.05–7.75; Cu: 0.505–1.48; and Mn: 0.95–1.65 mg/kg. With regard to these elements, concentrations were compatible with several international honeys, with some discrimination in some samples.

Abstract

Potassium bromate as a food additive has been widely used in most bread and baking products due to its benefits in improving the quality of the final product. However, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has banned it as a food additive. Various methods have been used to measure the amount of added and bromate residues in a product that has not been completely converted to potassium bromide. In this study, the spectroscopic method of reducing the crystal violet dye was used to estimate the bromate residues, and the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) method was used to estimate the quantity of pre-baking potassium bromate. The results indicated the presence of concentrations of potassium bromate residues in the products studied. The study also showed that the added bromate comes from the used flour, which is added to the flour as a bleaching agent to change the natural wheat brown colour into a white colour. The concentration of residual bromate in the studied samples ranged from 2.22 to 17.30 mg/kg in French bread, 3.70 to 19.36 mg/kg in local bread (tandoor bread), and from 1.52 to 19.63 mg/kg in croissant samples, while in toast bread the concentration levels were from 2.61 to 2.22 mg/kg. Moreover, the average concentration of the added bromate was 11.35, 13.71, 7.62, and 11.85 mg/kg in samples of french bread, local bread, brioche, and toast, respectively. Although local and international bans on the use of potassium bromate as a food additive, it is still used in many countries, which is likely to be dangerous to consumers. Therefore, bread product manufacturers must be educated about the health problems of adding potassium bromate to consumer health and directed to use substituted additives that are safer than potassium bromate.

Abstract

This study assessed potentially toxic elements (PTEs) contamination in Tummina's agricultural area and discussed the sources and spatial distribution of the targeted elements. The study results revealed that the median concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc found in the soils align with the local geochemical baseline levels (LGB) of PTEs, indicating the lack of enrichment of these PTEs. Our comprehensive analysis of the soil pollution indices indicated that the study area is moderately enrichment with arsenic, cadmium, and lead. The ecological risk factor (Er) highlighted that Cd in the surficial soils poses a high risk (80 ≤ Er ＜ 160), whereas the other PTEs had a low Er. The investigation area had a median potential ecological risk index (RI) value of 69.45 in the surface soils, representing a moderate ecological risk. However, the P90 of the RI value was significantly higher, signifying a high ecological risk at 134.31. Cd was the primary contributor to RI, followed by As, Co, Pd, Ni, and Cu. PCA and HCA results demonstrated that Co, Cr, and Ni could originate from lithogenic sources. This study provides a confident understanding of the PTE levels and the need for further investigation in the study area.

Abstract

Occupational health risks have grown in recent years as one of the major public health issues around the world، as exposure to hydrocarbons has been associated with many toxic effects on various body systems and organs، therefore this study aimed to analyze the effects of exposure to hydrocarbons on some blood and biochemical variables among workers. In the Sebha oil and gas depot، this study was conducted in the city of Sebha during the period between September 20 20،22 to January 20، 2023، Faculty of Science، Sebha University، was selected as a control group،The study presentof 100 participants، 60 of and on direct contact and exposure to petroleum products at a rate of six hours per day، and comparing them with 40 people who do not have a history of occupational exposure to hydrocarbon materials. The average age of the warehouse workers was 43.38 ± 11.38 years، and the control group was 40.40 ± 9.11 years, there was a significant increase in WBC and exposure periods had no significant effect on all types White blood cells. The results also showed that there were no significant differences between the two groups in RBC blood cells and their indicators. According to the smoking condition، the results showed a significant significant increase in the level of HGB، HCT RDWS between the two groups,As well as the number of platelets PLT did not show any significant,This study concluded that exposure to hydrocarbons is associated with an increase in some types of white blood lymphocytes، monocytes and granulocytes. while smoking with exposure to hydrocarbons led to a significant increase in white blood cells، granulocytes، hemoglobin level، hematocrit، and distribution capacity of red blood cells. Increasing the exposure period also led to an increase in the number of red blood cells، the average muscle hemoglobin، and the average concentration of hemoglobin in the cell.

Abstract

The red coral Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, 1785) is one of the commercially important fish species in the Libyan fisheries production, from the family of Sparidae, with a wide distribution in the Mediterranean. The study was applied to 225 samples of the red coral Pagellus erythrinus, which were collected monthly from the coast of the city of Benghazi, Libya during the period from December 2011 to November 2012 using a commercial fishing boat. The study aimed to use tissues to describe and classify the stages of maturity, to determine the breeding season of Pagellus erythrinus in the coast of the city of Benghazi, Libya. Depending on the monthly variations of the external appearance and histological description of the maturity of the gonads may Stages -IV, late developing-III, early developing-II, immature-I (maturity was classified into six stages namely mature, V-ovulation and VI-survival stage). The total length of samples varied between 18 and 32.5 cm. Present results indicated males of common pandora larger than females. Protogynous herma-phroditism (some fish change sex from female to male) characterized the species. The samples were composed of 65% females, 22% males, 13% hermaphrodites (unfunction sex), and small fish (Juveniles) was absent. Sex ratio male to female was1:2.3, females more numerous than males.

Abstract

Shale gas is a form of natural gas found trapped within shale formations. Shale gas is vastly distributed around the world. Recently, there has been increasing interest in exploiting shale gas for energy production. As a source of energy, many countries started to investigate their shale gas potential. To understand the public’s views on the extraction of shale gas and its long and short-term health and environmental consequences, this study was undertaken to recognize Ghadames region residents’ awareness of the environmental and health effects resulting from the extraction of shale gas in their areas. Ghadames region is located in northwest Libya, where a potential deposit of shale gas is spotted; therefore, it was perfect as a study area. A population survey from a random sample (N=251) drawn from local residents; it was designed to detect the public opinion of the most likely adverse direct and indirect health and environmental outcomes as a result of fracking; the possible benefits were also included as well. The results show that the majority of respondents support shale gas extraction in their hometown, no matter how the consequences will affect their health and environment, about 70% of the respondents show support for shale gas exploitation

Abstract

This study was conducted in Al- Jabel AL- Akhdar region, east Libya to identify the impact of environmental variations on wood formation of Pinus halepensis and Juniperus phoenicea trees growing at different altitudes. The study manifested the effect variation of the environmental factor on growth rings at the three altitudes and this may ascribed to the condition at each altitude, since the multiple regressions (R²) value obtained were significant forpine and juniper trees under the conditions of each altitude. However, the highest (R²) was found at the altitude of 248m for Pine tree. Also, (R²) was increased with the altitude for Juniper tree at the altitude of 413 and 780m, respectively. Furthermore, the results of this study allow to know precise information about the climate conditions on the previous early stages for the tested trees, which clearly reflected in tree ring patterns in the region of Al- Jabel Al- Akhdar. These comprehensive data described in this study was to point out that the climate factors (which differ from altitude level to another) have great influences on tree ring width.

Abstract

The paper aims to investigate microbial contamination in computer keyboards within the work environment at the Faculty of Sciences sirte University, Libya. A total of 17 samples were collected by swabs from computer keyboards of work environments in some offices and departments at the College. The samples were distributed as follows: 6 computer keyboards from the Faculty administration, 6 computer keyboards from the offices of scientific departments,2 computer keyboards from Faculty Registrar, and 3 computer keyboards from Department of studies and examinations these swabs revealed growth of facultative aerobic, facultative anaerobe opportunistic pathogens, positive and negative gram. The highest contamination rates were found in the samples of the Department of Studies and Examinations and the offices of scientific departments this indicates that the student frequently visits these sections these microbes can live for over 24 hours. Furthermore, they are more likely to spread the infection in the environment. In this study Staphylococci aureus (5 isolates), then Staphylococcus epidermidis (60 isolates) were isolated in great numbers from the keyboard, Bacillus cereus (4 isolates), E-coli (1 isolates) and Fungus (30 isolates) fungi were also detected, but without species specification. The user's hands create computer contamination, thus cleaning hands with a disinfectant will stop the spread of many dangerous microorganisms.

Abstract

Sooty falcon (Falco concolor) breeds colonially in hot, arid deserts and coastal habitats without vegetation, and on coral islands, where its breeding coincides with the autumn migration of the small birds on which it feeds. It nests in a hole or on a cliff ledge, but sometimes at other sites such as old herons’ nests and camel markets. A questionnaire was distributed to bird of prey breeders in eastern Libya with the assistance of the Life Organization for the Protection of Wildlife and Marine Organisms, IUCN member. The questionnaire aimed to collect information for a study on surveying and locating nests and monitoring sooty falcons. Seventy-two breeders and individuals interested in the topic completed the questionnaire, providing their observations of the Sooty Falcon, including identified pairs of birds throughout the year, individuals, nesting locations, number of eggs, and food sources. The study found that Jaghbub had a significant increase in both the number of Sooty Falcon nests and single birds compared to Tazirbu. The years 2021 and 2022 showed a notable increase in the number of single birds and nests. These findings provide valuable insights into the population dynamics and breeding patterns of Sooty Falcons in the Jaghbub and Tazirbu regions. In conclusion, the study provided valuable information about the Sooty Falcon's presence and behavior in eastern Libya, which can be used to inform conservation efforts for the species. The results of the study also highlight the importance of involving local communities in wildlife research and conservation

Abstract

A total of 570 herbivorous fishes (Sarpa salpa, Siganus luridus and Siganus rivulatus) were collected from the western coast of Libya during the period from May 2013 to June 2014. Samples were taken directly from fishermen then transferred to the laboratory in Marine Biology Research Center, in order to take different measurements such as; total length and total weight for each fish. Livers and stomachs have been taken and weighed. The results showed that in the herbivores fishes, S. luridus was more abundant, shows more ability to occupating the niche, and compete the other herbivores fishes. Moreover, this study showed that the seagrass and algae are important diet for both species; also there is no high competition between these species in this area of the south Mediterranean. This study tried to fill the gap of knowledge and document some important biological aspects on both species in Libyan waters.

Abstract

Ornamental fish activities provide an important source of income to humans around the world; however, fundamental and substantial investments in the fish aquaculture industry in Libya is still underdeveloped. This study seeks at the importance of ornamental fish disease which is becoming increasingly recognized with aquarium ornamental fish constituting a major sector of the pet industry. Therefore, this study order to know the serious effects caused by parasites, bacteria, and viruses on fish, or other factors. The investigations were carried out from March 2021 to September 2021, a survey of 100 fish. Fish are exposed to a difference of abiotic and biotic factor, the result have showed 3 different diseases to varied taxa. White spot disease caused by parasite, Saprolegniasis caused by fungal, and erosion of the caudal fins.

Abstract

The goal of this study was to is to detect of some heavy metal in milk samples taken from goat herds that were grazing close to Bani Waleed City, Libya. After gathering ten milk samples, the samples were immediately taken to the lab and refrigerated for further examination. Using a flame-atomization absorption spectrometer (FAAS), the concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and irons (Fe) in the samples were measured. While lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu) were lower than instrumental detection limits in all samples, the results showed that Fe was detected in all ten samples, though this level was almost below the recommended limit by The World Health Organization's (WHO). That meant goat's milk is suitable to consume.